Rohingya Problem

ROHINGYA PROBLEM INTRODUCTION 1. The word Rohinga is derived from Rohang, the ancient name of Arakan. Situated on Burma's south-eastern border with Bangladesh. Arakan is one of the provinces of Burma and has a population of five million 40 percent of whom are Muslims. Burma was officially renamed as Myanmar on 18 June with its capital at Yangoon. Military rule covers the most of the history of Burmese politics. The Arakan Muslims are unhappy with the prevailing political system in Burma and some of them are harbouring an idea to establishment an independent homeland[1].The military regime in Burma have tried to contain the secessionist movement in that region and in the process they have unleashed reign of terror. Every instrument of torture and supression have been used by the regime in Burma to terrorise the Rohingyas to submission[2]. This attempt of Burmese ruler has caused ttrauma and ordeal for the Rohingyas. Their plight have been high lighted by international media quite aptl y and the problem has been quite known as well. 2. There are reports that the Burmese government is promoting resettlement in the area and replacing the Rohingyas with the Magh tribe.Rohingyas have been evicted from their homeland forcibly and driven out to seek refuge elsewhere. These refugees are taking place in Bangladesh cause tremendous problems for Bangladesh. On the other hand the settlement of Magh tribe, who believes in Buddhist faith, are aimed at pleasing the ego of ethnic Burmans. 3. There are many reasons for the genesis of the crisis in the state of Arakan, but references to demography, social, cultural, religious and historical dimensions are required to be studied to understand the problem. In Arakan these people do not inter marry .Rohingyas speak Bengali and they are under the influence of Bengali culture and civilization. At the religious level, there are irreconciliable differences. Burma has been a great centre of Buddhist learning and civilization for centuries , but the Rohingyas are proud of Islamic heritage. Constitutionally, and politically Buddhism and Muslims are antagonistic to each other and have the feeling of ethno-cenrrism. None of the communities are willing to accommodate the grievances of others. Finally there historical reasons for the two communities to feel different. 4. Our presentation on the subject will cover the following: . Over View on Geography and Demography. b. Background to Rohingya Problem. c. Effects on Bangladesh. because of historical references, in many places of our presentation we will be using the words Burma and Rangoon which are to be kindly read as Myanmar and Yangoon. AIM 5. The aim of the presentation is to highlight the problems of Rohingyas in Myanmar and its effects on Bangladesh. OVER VIEW ON GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY 6. Geographically it is lying along the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, in the south-east Asia, covering an area of 261,226 square kilometers.The country is bord ered by Thailand and Laos on the south-east , China on the north-east and Bangladesh and Indian state of Assam on the norht-west. It is considered to be the gateway to Indo-China peninsula as well as to China. Myanmar and Bangladesh share 171 miles of common border and have traditional commerce and cultural ties. There are 14 province and Arakan is one of them. 7. The people of Myanmar are of Mongoloid stock and derive from three main branches[3]: a. Tibeto-Burman. b. Mon-Khmer. c. Tai-Chinese. 8. Tibeto-Burman. The Tibeto-Burman group includes the Proto-Burmese, Kachins, Karens, Chins, Nagas etc.They entered Burma in three main waves from three directions. The Protoburmese probably came down the head-waters of Irrawaddy river and then from the north-east down the Salween valley. The Kachins entered from the north-west while the Chins and Nagas found their way in, a little further to the south. The Karens moved down the line of ridges to the east of the Sittang river and some the ea rlier groups settled west of the Irrawaddy from where they moved into the delta. 9. Mon-Khmer. The Mon-Khmer group which includes Austro-Asiatic races including Mon, Palaung, riang etc.They moved down the Mekong river into the Greater Indo-China peninsula and some groups fanned out westward into the Shan plateau and south-easternBurma. 10. Tai-Chinese. Tai-Chinese includes the Shans, Lao, Shan-Bama etc. They also came down the Salween river and settled in the Shan plateau. HISTORY OF ROHINGYA Muslim Population in Myanmar 11. The most striking feature of the spread of Islam in Myanmar is that it started gaining strength not through conversion but through immigration of Muslims and progeny of mixed marriages. Muslim seamaen first reached Myanmar in ninth century.During the fifteen and sixteen centuries, Tenasserim and Mergui were known as Muslim cities, traded with Malacca, Bengal and Mecca. During the seventeenth century Muslims proved to be capable traders. They owned flourishing bu siness houses and with their wealth had become so important that they also held some important key administrative appointments. But these Muslims, mostly from southern India were not acceptable to the native population. With the arrival of the British and French in the area at the end of seventeenth century, most of the Muslims were removed from the office and some were even killed. 2. The Muslims continued to settled near coastal towns of Myanmar and marrying the Burmese women despite maltreatment given by the local administrators. Many Muslims sea traders took this opportunity to get settled in these region of Burma and the descendants of these Arab, Persian and Indian Muslim traders formed the nucleus ‘Burman Muslim† community, which known as †Kala†. With the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French Muslim domination of the seas began to decline. From the middle of the sixteenth century to the middle of eighteenth, Muslims served the Burmese Ar my. 3. During the nineteenth century Muslims again dominated not only in military services but also in administrative posts. Some of them were later on executed because the kings were not pleased their insistence on following their religious tenets. In the sixteenth century the Burmese Kings started settling Muslims in upper Burma, near Mydeyu in the district of Shwebo. These villages still exist today. The settlers were mostly Muslim prisoners who had been brought there at variuos periods. These Muslims received lands as their payment for their services to the king. 50 musketeers used to be supplied to the palace guard and this service was passed to the generations. Another group of Muslims from north India came to offer military service. The Burmese took care to distribute the Muslim settlers in small groups and in many villages to prevent the Muslims from forming a majority in any particular place. Gradually the Muslims were being looked down by the Burmese and their privileges b egan to fall. Further transfer of Muslim took place to the places where the Burmese refused to go. Muslim Population in Arakan 14.Arakan province renamed Rakhine by the Myanmar government came under the influence of Indian subcontinent in the 9th century A. D. In 11th century A. D. Arakan was made part of unified Burma. In the fifteenth century A. D. Arakan became an independent Muslim state under the rule of Sulayman Naramithla. The rule of Muslim King continued till it was conquered by Burmese Buddhist King Budapaya in 1784. Though Persian was the state language of this Muslim Arakan state, Bengali literature and poetry also flourished under direct patronage from Arakan Royal Court.Once a powerful state, Arakan Kingdom included Chittagong up to Feni river. During Aurangzeb's period the Mughuls captured Chittagong and the area east and south of river Karnaphully i. e. the present district of Banderaban and Cox's bazar which remained within Arakan Kingdom. In 1784 the Burmese King c onquered Arakan including Cox's bazar. However, the British drove the Burmese from Cox's bazar in late 1790's and then conquered Arakan in 1823. Arakan was under British occupation since 1826, and an enterprising Rohingya commercial class emerged in Akyab- a fishing village turned capital of Arakan division. 5. The post independent upheaval of a group of Arakan Muslim under the banner of â€Å"Mujahideens† brought about the religious ambitions of the Muslims in Myanmar. Upto 1955 the Mujahideens posed a serious law and order problem though they did not have much significance as a military threat to Rangoon as posed by other anti government forces. In general, local Arakan Buddhists community suffered a great deal of atrocities inflicted by them. This left a scar in the the relation between the Buddhist and Muslim communities, especially in Arakan.The Mujahideens failed to achieve the support of other Arakanese and Burmese muslims, and their insurrection came to an end in 1955 . The 1963-64 nation wide census revealed a large number of Arakanese Muslims sacttered about in Rangoon and Delta area. This caused considerable alarm to the Burman Buddhist authorities. Origin of Rohingya 16. Arakan is inhibited mainly by the Rohingyas and the Maghs. The Maghs are of Mongolian origin and Buddhist by faith. The Rohingyas are Muslim. The present estimated population of Arakan is 2. 2 million.Of these 1. 4 millions are Muslim. The word â€Å"Rohingya' came from the word â€Å"Rohang' which is the ancient name of Arakan. The Rohingya Muslim constitute the dominant portion of Arakan , known earlier as Rohang. The Muslim of Arakans who werev ancestors of present Rohingyas came the main land in three waves: a. First Wave. In the 8th centuries A. D. immediately after the advent of Islam Arab traders started visiting Bengal and Arakan. Many of these Arabs settled down in Arakan and inter mingled with locals in various forms. b. Second Wave.In 1660 the Mughul prince Shah Shuja having been defeated by emperor, left Bengal and on the invitation of the Arakanses Magh King landed in Arakan. Shah Shuja had train of five thousand followers who accompaned him to Arakan. Subsequently Shah Shuja and his family perished due to the treachery of Magh king Chandathu Sharma. However, Shah Shuja's followers settled in Arakan. Being the Indian muslim they also merged with the local Rohingya comminity. c. Third Wave. The third wave entered Burma during the British rule when the Muslim rose population significantly.These Muslim went for work including from Bangladesh and got settled down over Arakan and other parts of Myanmar. 17. The arrival of Muslim in Arakan started few centuries earlier and predated the arrival of many other people and races now inhibiting in Myanmar including Arakan. There are 153 registered ethnic races living in Myanmar where Rohingyas are not included. Though Rohingyas became gradually majority in Arakan but the political power remained wit the Maghs. PROBLEMS OF ROHINGYAS IN MYANMAR 18. General.Since the independence of Myanmar in 1948, the myanmar government had always been disarray due to multidimensional socio-political disorders. Ultimately, number of armed separatist movements had been organized and the number of insurgency groups continued to rise. Insurgency activities in Rakhine state along Bangladesh Border has also increased over the years. The suppressive attitude of the Military Junta gave rise to the political movement of the ethnic minorities all over Myanmar, where the movement of Rohingyas is no exception. The major problems of Rohingyas are disscussed in the subsequent paragraphs. 9. Depopulate Arakan of the Muslims. The withdrawal of British troops after the Second Wworld Wwar created a serious administrative vacuum in Arakan. The Magh communities in connivance with the Burma Independent Army killed approximately 100,000 rohingyas and drove out 50,000 across the border to the then East Pakistan. The idea was to depopulate Arakan of the Muslims. The relation between Arakan Muslims and Buddhist communities deteriorated[4]. 20. Right of Secession. During the independence of Myanmar from British, Rohingyas were kept away from all negotiations.Aung San and leaders of other nationalities signed the historic Union Treaty, where the Union of Burma was formed consisting of individual nation states with the right secede after ten years if the nationalities so wished. The agreement was adopted and included in the Union’s constitution under the heading â€Å"Right of Secession†. Unfortunately, no Rohingya representative from Arakan was invited to attend the convention. Thereby, Arakan lost her identity and constitutional guarantee of their rights and freedom[5]. 21. False Hope to the Rohingya.Some of Rohingya took up arms to redress their grievances after the independence. They were persuaded to lay down their arms on the false promise of granting political rights and similar treatment as other nationalities by Burmese authority. The Burmese authorities repeatedly broke their promises forcing the Rohingyas wander into the neighboring countries. Since 1942, approximately 1. 2 million Rohingyas were either forcibly expelled or had to flee the country to escape persecution[6]. 22. Ethnic Diversity. Most of the problems of Myanmar are genetic in nature.As many as fifty groups speaking over 100 languages and dialects have been identified for which the nation had to be administratively organised along ethnic lines, with seven so called states with non Burmese majority. All non Burmese majority states are located near the border. Somehow, the other people of the non Burmese majority states have traditional ties and bondage with their respective bordering neighbours in the form of religion, language, culture etc. During the independence from Britain, some of the states even opted to be the part of some other country and not Burma.The fact that concerns us is mo st Arakanese opted to be the part of the then East Pakistan, which remained a dream to them. Right from the inception of Burma, the government had been always reluctant about socio-political development of those non Burmese majority states. Most of the time the people of non Burmese majority states were oppressed. In consequence, insurgent activities continued to increase in those states[7]. 23. Muslim Imprisonment. Everything in Myanmar started degenerating as the Burmese way to socialism came in.As Arakan is the least developed province in Myanmar, the economical hardship was worst and a large number of Arakanese migrated into Myanmar proper. The 1963-64 nation wide census revealed a large number of Arakanese Muslims scattered about in Rangoon and Delta area. This caused considerable alarm to the Bhama Buddhist authorities. Then the Ne Win regime imposed a law, which restricted the movement of Muslims in Arakan, especially prohibiting the movement of Akyab district. Thus the Musli ms were put into a sort of imprisonment since 1964.However, poverty in Arakan could not stop all migration effectively. In the 1974 census, the authorities again found out the Arakan Muslim spreading over the commercially mobile areas of Myanmar. Ne Win, the socialist did not want that. The Muslims should be in Arakan only so that the Arakan Buddhist and Muslim could be used against each other. This was the best way to keep the national liberation movement of the Arakanese checked. Subsequently, the military regime imposed tighter restrictions on the movement of the Muslims. They could not even move inside their township or from village to village.Thus they were virtually imprisoned[8]. 24. Demand of an Independent State. The Muslim movement in the British India for separate Muslim nation brought about great impact upon the Muslim of Burma. Especially Arakanese Muslims, being in touch with the Muslim League in East Bengal, were very much motivated with the idea of an independent sta te. The motivation turned into Jihad or Holy War in 1948-54 after the independence. The Mujahids demanded a separate Muslim state inside Burma in name of Arakanistan with the active patronization of Pakistan. However, the movement failed.But later they realized their struggle under the flag of Nationalism with the name of Rohingya[9]. 25. Migration from East Pakistan. While the Mujahideen subsided, East Pakistan faced poverty and famine. Arakan in Burma being close to border , some of the then East Pakistanis entered Arakan for their survival and possible future. This was helped by the corrupt immigration, army, police and other officials. This illegal entry was also to be believed to be the master mind of the then Burmese Minister of Home Affairs to gain vote for his party in the election of 1956 and 1960[10]. 6. Political and Armed Movement. Since the day of independence, the Rangoon government has been keeping the Muslim population in Arakan as a balancing force against the Araka nese Buddhists to put down struggle for the national liberation. But the Muslims gradually realized that since 1964, the Buddhist and Muslim of Arakan forged unity to oppose military regime together . Many of the muslims joined Arakan National united Organization . Similarly the Arakan National Liberation Party patronized Muslim guerrillas, who emerged under the name of Rohingya.Such an alliance alarmed the Rangoon government. Meanwhile the emergence of the Arakan Liberation Party added much worry to the Junta. In 1977, the Ne Win forces wiped out the main army of these two groups along with their leaders. The event spread a cloud of misery over the Arakanese population. At the same time, a coup attempted by Arakanese was also foiled[11]. 27. Operation â€Å"King Dragon Offensive†. Burmese Army General Ne Win ruled the country from 1962 to 1988. As many as nine operations were carried out by Burmese Army /Territorial forces.Of which the major offensive was launched under the code name of â€Å"King Dragon Offensive† in 1978 to oppress the Rohingyas and the remnants of Arakanese Liberation forces. A large scale of atrocities were recorded by the ruling Junta. Ne Win ordered that small villages be abolished and concentrated in one large village which was fenced and stockaded with only one gate. Subsequently, hundreds of villagers were uprooted by force and driven into stockaded villages. Opposition and disobedience were met with stern and severe punishment. The table below will show the degree of atrocities carried out by the ruling Junta[12]: Ser |Township | Men Killed |Women Raped |Vills Destroyed | |1 |Kyauktaw |1855 |891 |74 | | | | | | | |2 |Ponnakyann |353 |930 |105 | | | | | | | |3 |Rethedaung |91 |340 |19 | | | | | | | |4 |Minbya |135 |315 |25 | | | | | | | |5 |Mrohaung |55 |239 |19 | | | | | | | |6 |Buthidaung |142 |560 |6 | | | | | | | |7 |Maungdaw |295 |1121 |5 | | | | | | | |8 |Mry Pon |- |- |6 | | |Total |2926 |4396 |259 | 28. Rohingya Refugee Crises in First Phase. The operation King Dragon Offensive of Ne Win forced about 30,000 Rohingyas to enter Bangladesh. The efugees started arriving daily in an ever increasing number. By June 1978, the total had swelled to over 200,000 and housed in 13 camps in bordering districts of Bangladesh and Myanmar. The overwhelming majority of the refugees, thus, appeared to be children and old people. The refugees arrived principally from the townships of Akyab, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Myank-U, Kathe-taung, Pauktan, Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathidaung. While the villagers were suffering, Ne Win tried to get the support of city folks by showing that they were driving out â€Å"Kalas† a word used derogatively for foreigners. This was entertained by some ignorant Arakanese in the cities.Most believed that the Ne Win regime started thinking about pushing the Muslims out into Bangladesh after the 1974 census, which revealed the migration of the Muslims into Burma proper and Eastern b order. Whatever their origin, they are Burmese officially, and they have every right to move inside their own country. The restriction of their movement since 1964 and final forceful expulsion of the Arakanese Muslims is the infalliable proof of the racist nature of Bhama Military rregime led by General Ne Win[13]. 29. Reasons for Rohingya Exodus. a. Refugees' Viewpoint. The refugees stated the following as the principal reasons for their exodus into Bangladesh[14]: 1)Harassment by the Burmese Government agencies which reached a climax during the ‘Operation Dragon' mounted to get rid of the Muslim from Arakan. (2)Lack of adequate security in the areas of their residence. (3)Restriction on their free movement. (4)Rice levy with intolerable severety amounting to oppression. (5)Omission of names of Muslims from the population returns of the census of 1973. b. Viewpoint of the Burmese Government. The viewpoint of the Burmese Government were different and these are as following[15] : (1)The ‘Operation Dragon', a semi-military search operation was not directed against the Muslims but against the illegal immigrants.They maintained that traditionally the movement of population was from the west to the east and it was well known that many people from Bangladesh had come to Burma without valid authority. In 1971, people from Bangladesh in thousands took shelter in Burma. (2)It was claimed that the Burmese Government that a survey was carried out to detect the illegal immigrants. It revealed that some Arakanese Muslims left Arakan as they did not like to submit themselves to this checking operation. Hence, those who had fled were considered by the Burmese Government as illegal immigrants. 30. Repatriation of Refugees. The effective diplomatic effort of Bangladesh and with the assistance of UNHCR, both , Bangladesh and Myanmar settled down the issue.Some of the salient of the agreement are as under[16]: a. ‘A' category refugees holding National Registrati on Certificate (NRC) would be repatriated immediately in the first phase with their family members. b. ‘B' category refugees, who could show any document issued by Burmese authority or any other proof as to their residence in Burma would be repatriated in the second phase. c. ‘C' category refugees are the left over ones and would be considered at the last. d. It was mutually agreed that the repatriation would start not later than 31 August 1978 and be completed within a period of six months from the date the first batch would return to Burma. e.It was also mutually agreed that the two governments would, after completion of repatriation of all Burmese refugees, initiate measures to cooperate for the prevention of illegal crossings of the border by persons from either side and be prepared to receive repatriated residence found to have crossed the border subsequent to the enforcement of the two governments. As agreed upon, the repatriation started on 31 August 1978. The ope ration, however, ran into difficulties with ‘C' categories refugees numbering 11,149. Following a series of discussions between the two governments, the government of Burma finally agreed that these refugees should be allowed to move into the reception camp located within Burma, where Burmese officials would take their oral evidence and after verification repatriate them to their respective villages.By 29 December 1979, the repatriation operation was virtually completed. All the repatriates, on arrival in Burma were given a repatriation card and eventually resettled in their respective villages. But the problem of who should be granted rights and privileges of citizenship remained an active issue. 31. Burma Citizenship Law. The Rohingyas came to Arakan about thousand years ago and made a significant contribution to her culture and heritage. They became an integral part of Arakan's political, social, economic and cultural life. But the citizenship laws passed in 1982, made the Rohingyas alien in the land of their fathers and ancestors.The new citizenship law defines citizen as those nationals who are the members of the ethnic groups that had settled in Burma before 1824, the date that marked the beginning of the British colonial period, during which foreigners, especially Indians and Chinese freely entered the country. The non nationals were eligible to be classified as â€Å"associates† or â€Å"naturalised citizens†, according to the detailed procedures specified in the law. The new law bars non nationals from holding important state and party positions, serving in the armed forces and police and pursuing higher education in the national institutions. These provisions have seriously affected the individual rights and privileges of non nationals, which they had previously enjoyed. This has further aggravated the socio-political disorders in the country[17]. 32.Change in Traditional Identity. As already mentioned, Bangladesh shares about 171 mile long border with Myanmar and that entire border belt forms part of the Rakhine state. Historically what was known as Arakan state has been officially changed to Rakkhine state by the military rulers some time in early 1980, siding with the existing Buddhist population. This step of the government created a serious commotion among the Arakan Muslims. Perhaps this was one of the major reasons for which number of insurgency groups has drastically increased from 1983 to 1993. Along the Bangladesh border, there were only four insurgent groups in 1983 which has increased to seven in 1993.Besides, latest reports reveal the existence of a new insurgent group known as â€Å"All Burma Democratic Student Front† claiming themselves to be the armed student wing of Sun Kyi, the democratic leader of Myanmar. The details of various insurgent groups operating in Rakkhine state is mentioned below[18]: a. Burmese Communist Party(BCP). b. National United Party of Arakan(NUPA). c. National United Front of Arakan(NUFA). d. Arakan Army(AA). e. National League for Democracy (NLD). f. Chin National Front (CNF). g. All Burma Democratic Student Front(ABSDF). h. Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO). j. Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF). k. Harkatul Ziehadul Islam of Arakan (HZIA). As of now the socio political disorder in Rakhine state is considered to be quite alarming.The gradual rise of insurgency activities has also seriously affected the historical peaceful relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulting into cross border violations and other issues of discord between the two countries. Role of SLORC 33. Deprivation from Voter List of 1989 Election. Through promulgation of Burmese Citizenship Act 1982, the Rohingya Muslims were deprived of their citizenship rights. They were made stateless. To prepare the voter list for 1989 General Electronics, the authorities initiated scrutiny through issue of National Registration Certificate (NRC) and Foreigner’s Reg istration Certificate (FRC) in Rakhine state.The Rohingya Muslims were then put through harassment as the Myanmar immigration authorities insisted on categorizing the Muslim inhabitants as â€Å"Bengalee Burmese†. The Rohingyas on the other hand insisted or being categorised as Arakan Muslims or Rohingya Muslim or Rakhine Muslims. The immigration authorities refused to accept the citizenship application from the Muslim population which resulted in the exclusion of a large number of Rohingya Muslims from the voter list[19]. 34. Establishment of Cantonments in Muslims Owned Lands. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) after the 1988 military take over decided to set up a number of new military cantonments in Rakhine state particularly in the north, where the Muslims are a majority.The authorities acquired homestead or arable lands belonging to the Muslims without any compensation. The Muslims found themselves homeless, when they refused to be rehabilitated in suit able mountainous region. The SLORC has taken up extensive programme of building cantonments and roads linking the cantonments and other military formations in the Muslims populated areas. The army forced local inhabitants to work in those projects with little or no wages at all. The Myanmar authorities do not provide fresh adequate ration to the troops deployed in the Arakan. As a result, they forcibly collect cattle and poultry from the locality at a much below market price.In Rakhine state, more Muslims’ lands were acquired by the SLORC for construction of cantonments and roads. The surplus land is given to Magh convicts and retired Army personnel on attractive terms, an attempt to change ethno-demographic pattern of the area[20]. 35. Military Atrocities. The Mynmar military authorities have destroyed or desecrated many Muslims places of worship. They have looted their properties, killed the inhabitants and raped their women. The SLORC took away rice from the fields belongi ng to the Muslims in the border areas to prevent from selling rice in Bangladesh. The Rohingyas had participated in the democratic movement of 1988.The present military regime has reportedly forced Muslims to pay compensation for government property damaged during the mass upsurge[21]. 36. Refugee Crisis in Second Phase. In 1989, the popular unrest started for the restoration of democracy in Myanmar. The student led the movement for democracy and the government of Saw Mung suppressed it with an iron hand. There were a lot of casualties and the majority of the people who died or faced the tyranny of the army were Burmans. Thus the Burmans were unhappy with the political system. In order to divert the attention of the people, it was necessary for the military regime to do something. As a sequel they focussed their attention once again on the Rohingyas.Again there was a search for the citizenship documents and in the absence of these documents, the Rohingyas had to face the atrocities. Therefore, once again the Rohingya issue surfaced in 1991 and this time approximately 270,000 Arakanese, mainlly the Rohingyas, crossed into Bangladesh. This time surfaced with greater gravity bringing both the countries almost close to a war. However, due to indirect mediation by China and under the pressure of various International Human Rights Organization, approximately 250,000 refugees have been accepted back by Myanamr and rest approximately 40,000 is in the process of repatriation. Though apparently Rohingya issue has died down, but with no assurance to us that it will not recur in future.As such, it is apprehended that Rohingya issue will continue to be a major stumbling block in the improvement of relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar. IMPACT ON BANGLADESH 37. The Rohingya problem has significant impact on Bangladesh. This can be stated as mentioned below: a. Effect on Population. Bangladesh is already an overpopulated country. The influx of the Rohingya refugees going to make Bangladesh more crowded with dense population. Besides this, the Rohingyas are having the same ethnic origin that of the people of the Chittagong area. They have got affinity with the Bangladeshis in terms of language and culture. The problem of differentiating them from local population make this problem more pronounced.This provides the Rohingyas an easy opportunity to become floating population in Bangladesh. It is feared that, presently more than 15000 Rohingyas are at large without any accountability. The intermarriage between the locals and Rohingyas are also making things more complicated in this aspects. b. Effects on Economy. Bangladesh is one of the poorest nation in the world and one of the major causes of her poverty is over population. Internationally the Rohingya problem has not been recognised so much, as such the out side support is not also very encouraging. Mostly it is the Bangladesh government who is dealing with this problem with her meager resources.Pro viding ration ( 4. 5 kg rice and adequate quantity of at and oil per refugee per week ) and other utilities to 19 Rohingya camps is costing Bangladesh heavily. Onrush of Rohingya refugees have already taken its toll on the resource constraint Bangladesh. The matter has put immense pressure on a densely populated country like Bangladesh. The poverty within region has increased many folds. It has already created a socio-economic imbalance in the area causing untold sufferings to the locals. Agricultural lands are being turned into sprawling refugee camps. Refugees allegedly sell rice and pulses rationed to them for buying vegetables and other essentials.Such illegal trade caused tremendous impact on the market price in the local area. At times the refuges are making false ration card to draw more ration. c. Effect on Ecology. The Rohingya refugees have taken shelter in camps which are located on 608 hectares of forestry land in Cox’s bazar and Bandarban district. What is causin g serious concern is that the surrounding rich forest are being destroyed by the refugees who are felling trees to use them as fuel or selling them for their livelihood. Already, the forest here has been denuded of the bamboo as they have been cut for making houses for the refugees. We are afraid that, if the refugees are to stay here for another year, nothing would be left for the forest.The forest department claims that till September 92 the refugees have destroyed forest resources worth Taka 740 million. They estimate that the refugees have damaged natural forest of 2021acres and new plantation of 91. 05 acres. d. Effect on Law and Order. The situation in and around the camps is a hostile one. The locals who lived scattered in the villages are scared of the refugees who live together and who in a minute can organise a united attack on the locals. The local fears that they are being outnumbered by the refugees. It is alleged that thousands of refugees have already slipped out of t he camps and settled in the nearby villages and towns.With Bangladesh and the UNHCR consolidating the relief operation for the refugees, an opposition backed group, Rohingya Repatriation Action Committee (RRAC ) has stepped up its campaign against the refugees. Launching a movement of 12 point demands, the RRAC’s main focus is against the move to build new camps at Jammupara off Ukhia. They complain that the camp would destroy their firms and encroach upon government owned forests. Besides these, at least five refugees were killed, one hundred injured and nearly five hundred others were arrested following commotion that swept different refugee camps. It is alleged that at times the refuges have used fire arms.There are instances where the agitating Rohingyas assaulted camp officials and on duty policemen. The militant refugees of the Dhuapalong camp also attacked a nearby village and looted the homes of the villagers. It is reported that some foreign NGO’s and the UNCH R officials were involved in agitating the refugees. The UNCHR promptly denied such an allegation. e. Effects on Politics. Presently Bangladesh is not in a comfortable situation to deal with this matter politically. The attitude of the Myanmar government in regards to Rohingya problem is not conducive to diplomatic solution. At the same time Bangladesh is not in a situation to enforce her desire in this aspect on Myanmar.There are possibilities of detoriating relationship between Bangladesh and China as China maintains extremely good relation with Myanmar. A perpetual enmity with Myanmar leaves Bangladesh to be sandwiched between two antagonistic neighbours India and Myanmar. Enmity with Myanmar also is likely to deprive Bangladesh of the opportunity of exploiting Myanmar’s future economic and commercial potential. There are also strong public and political opinion in favour of internationalising the Rohingya issue especially involving the United Nations. Bangladesh is carefu lly avoiding to do so and trying for bilateral negotiations. It may be possible that China has played a covert role in convincing Bangladesh to settle for a bilateral solution to save Myanmar from embarrassment.The relationship between the Bangladesh Government and some of the NGOs have also detoriated as the NGOs were playing negative role in the repatriation process. f. Effect on Administration. The Rohingya problem has become a huge administrative burden on the Bangladesh Government. It has become a real problem to maintain accountability of the refugees and maintain the administration of their camps. Bangladesh had to establish separate administrative organisation where huge number of government officials are placed to look after the administration of the Rohingya refugees. CONCLUSION 30. The arrival of Muslim in Arakan started few centuries earlier and predated the arrival of many other people and races now inhibiting in Myanmar including Arakan.There are 153 registered ethnic races living in Myanmar where Rohingyas are not included. Though Rohingyas became gradually majority in Arakan but the political power remained wit the Maghs. 31. Rohingyas are an unfortunately peiple. Although, they are a part of the Burmese race and have been living in Arakan for about thousand years, they have been persistently subjected to persecution by the successive Myanmar regimes. In the past they were driven out of their homes more than once. Contrary to the Burmese Laws, the Burmese Constitution and international Laws, these ill fated peiple have been discriminated because of their race, religion and culture.The last nail in the coffin in these series of repression and discrimination was the passing of the black law called, Burmese Citizenship Law 1982 by which the Rohingyas have been made aliens in the land of their ancestors. All these happened mainly because Myanmar has been ruled by the dictators where human right violations are common practices. 32. The Rohingya issu e is not of recent origin. It has been there for more than hundred years. The exodus of Rohingya refugees is a recurrent matter and took place several times under the persecution of different Burmese ruler. The systematic manner in which the Burmese government is proceeding with its current actions apparently reveals that they intend to uproot the Rohingyas from Arakan alleging them to be illegal immigrants.Rohingyas on the other hand, demand for the citizenship rights and full protection of their culture, religion, ethnic identity and property. The impacts of Rohingya refugees on Bangladesh are significantly. It is posing threat to our socioeconomic condition, environment, security and bilateral relationship of Bangladesh. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. S R Chakravarty (Ed), â€Å"Foreign Policy Of Bangladesh†, Haranand Publications, 1994. 2. Abdul Razzak and Mahfuzul Haque, â€Å" A Tale of Refugees in Bangladesh†, Centre for human rights, 1995. 3. Shwe Lu Maung, â€Å"Natio nalism – an Analysis of Society, Culture and Politics of Burma†, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1986. 4.Muhammad Shamsul Haq, â€Å"Bangladesh in International Politics-Relations with Neighbours: Burma†,University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1993. Presentation Papers 5. Rohingya Problems by 9 Infantry Division. 6. Modernization of Myanmar Army by 24 Infantry Division. Interview 7. Mr. Faruk Alamgir, DDG News, Bangladesh Television. 8. Mr. Manzoorul Haque, Senior Logistics & Coordination Officer, UNHCR. 9. Mr. Nurul Islam, Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ———————– [1] SR Chakravarty (Ed), Foreign Polcy of Bangladesh, 1994, P. 293. [2] Ibid P. 293. [3] Presentation paper on â€Å"Rohingya problem† by 9 Infantry Division. [4] A tale of Rohingyas in Bangladesh by Abdur Razzaq and Mahfuzul Haque,1995, P. 15-16. [5] Ibid, P. 16. [6] Ibid, P. 7] Shwe Lu Maung, Nationalism and Ideology – an Analysis odf Society, Culture and Polotics of Burma, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1989, P. 61-62. [8] Modernazition of Myanmar Army, Presentation by 24 Infantry Division, P. 12. [9] Ibid, P. 60 – 61. [10] Ibid, P. 61. [11] Ibid, P. 62 – 65. [12] Ibid, P. 62 – 64. [13] Muhammad Shamsul Haq, Bangladesh in International politics- Relations with Neighbours: Burma, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1993, P. 135. [14] Ibid, P. 136. [15] Ibid. [16] Ibid. P. 141. [17] Modernasization of Myanmar Army, Opcit. P. 13.. [18] Ibid. P. 14 – 15. [19] A Tale of Rihingyas in Bangladesh by Abdur Razzaq and Mahfuzul Haque, 1995, P. 20. [20] Ibid, P. 21. [21] Ibid.

Summary of My Freshman Year Written by Rebekah Nathan Free Essay Example, 2750 words

While the world is yet to celebrate the invention of fertility technology, many people are already poking holes in the same technology in as far as health issues are concerned. For instance, the process that is used to trigger hormones necessary for ovulation requires a treatment procedure to revert the process to normalcy. People who have tried this technology have had a problem in trying to have hormone production stabilized; others view this as a threat to their health. The other problem with fertility technology is the fact that some people are tied in some weird culture and belief that fertility can only occur through intercourse and that no other approach to that equals the results. While this may look ignorant, the chances of technologists misusing the privilege of that knowledge are not secured against by law. The fear here is, people may want to experiment technology beyond the urgent need of recreation and may go unnoticed by the law. The other categories of people who fal l in love are the clingy; the secure; the fickle; the casual, and the uninterested. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of My Freshman Year Written by Rebekah Nathan or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Some of the mothers may not be able to withstand the pain of giving birth and in some cases, mothers some die or sustain injuries in their sexual organs.

The Idiots Manual to Pcat Essay Samples

The Idiot's Manual to Pcat Essay Samples Pcat Essay Samples at a Glance Actually, I'd been born into such a situation. At times, the best method to learn and understand new information is via seeing and understanding work which is already completed. At times it's helpful to observe how others were able to get over the difficult first-line hump. Think freely, but you're not permitted to take into consideration anything else besides the topic available. We can also eliminate choice D, since there is no suggestion he is antagonistic, or prepared for a fight. Apparently, understanding how to clean burning oil isn't high on the list of things every 9-year-old should know. The Characteristics of Pcat Essay Samples In thirty minutes, you must finish your essay, therefore it's crucial you efficiently manage your time. So then you've got a free-association session in the very first few minutes. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. Better leadership signals that the present leaders are ineffective. It's very valuable to take writing apart as a way to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. It doesn't matter to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Here are a few suggestions for strategies to use this resource effectively. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer as you can not ever be sure whether you are employing the perfect service or not. At your interview, you are going to be asked questions by a present pharmacy school student and a faculty member. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. Consult your parents to spell out the rear row to you. The New Fuss About Pcat Essay Samples If you fret about the standard of your essay as well as you're worrying about whether you can locate a paper writer it is possible to trust, you have arrived at the right spot. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. Notice as well you will not be given information concerning the score dependent on the human reader, nor the score dependent on the Intelligent Essay Assessor. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. May not be utilized in conjunction with other promotional codes. Replace a number of the cliched language. What Is So Fascinating About Pcat Essay Samples? The coat hanger comes out of a dumpster. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each and every day on the best way to school would be filled-in. Explain the auto connection better. Furthermore, certain medications may also help restore bone density. Pr ogesterone is a kind of hormone, and a bicep is a kind of muscle. The Basic Facts of Pcat Essay Samples Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a sense whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. The personal essay is a significant portion of your application for admission and supplies you with a chance for you to clearly and effectively express your ideas. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. You may have a well-structured and crystal clear essay with some support. The Ultimate Approach to Pcat Essay Samples It's given as a frequent school assignment and a crucial part in an examination collection. That doesn't need to be so scary! Non-stop hard work and diligence lead to success in the actual exam! It requires you to comprehend the test before beginning the drill-and-practice routine. Things You Won't Like About Pcat Essay Samples and Things You Will This results in neuromuscular defects whose severity is contingent on the degree of the closure defect. Remove the problem source usually means that perhaps 1 approach to address the issue is to eliminate its root cause. New method of solving means that the present system is failing, thus a new system needs to be put into place. And in order to have the time to rewrite, you must start way before the application deadline. In your essay, you must demonstrate that you know the problem described in the prompt, and you must describe a potential solution. For instance, if the issue is the damage to soil brought on by fracking, you can suggest to stop all fracking and locate an alternative that doesn't bring about soil degradation.

Essay on Labor Problem at Jamestown - 723 Words

The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-1618 By Edmund S. Morgan In 1502, Columbus set sailed on his last voyage to the New World. The year 1606, James I issues a charter to the Virginia Company for tract of land along the mid-Atlantic coast. This led to Jamestown. The first settlement in America was Jamestown. It was established in 1607 with a 104 male settlers, which was led my John Smith. This article is about the early hard times with Jamestown. Soon it led up to the American Revolution, but the article only goes up to 1618. The article overall idea was the problem with labor in Jamestown. It talked about the people, laws, wealth, etc. The main points in this article were: Spanish discovers, Native American troubles, and working†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The company in England was convinced by 1609 that the settlers would have to grow at least part of their own food,†(page 5, Morgan). The settlers had to step up since Indian labor plan was not going to work well. The task they had to accomplish depended on their life. Settle rs had to work from five in the morning to around eight at night. Winter conditions changed the time a little by taking off about 2 hours. Complaints started coming up about laziness and irresponsibility from the workmen. People started raising prices to survive. Men were always hungry barely having the energy to work. That was one of the excuses some men brought up to explain why there working they way they are. The author explains more indebt of the laziness and problems. Even men with large amounts of land could not afford labors. The government issued laws for problems with work and labor, â€Å" Sometimes men were obliged to take on a poor boy as a servant whether they needed him or not. The parish might lighten the burden by paying a fee, but it might also fine a man who refused to take a boy assigned to him,†(page 7, Morgan). Things were falling apart. Jamestown was mostly used for pasture farming areas. It was used to grow grain for bread. They got a lot of their food from the woods where there were nuts and berries. â€Å" The most obvious English analogy to the Jamestown settlement was that of a military expedition,†(page 9, Morgan). JamestownShow MoreRelatedSlavery Was Considered Acceptable And Licit984 Words   |  4 Pagesof time prior to the delineation of authorized regulation of slavery. In 1513, Spaniards traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and arrived on the mainland of North America. Creating settlements in the new-found continent, their pursuit of finding free labor became indispensable. Throughout the decades after their discovery of North America, the Spanish shipped over thousands of both black and white people to make them profitable and productive (Winch 1). 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Concept of Creativity and Innovation

Question: Describe about the concept of creativity. Answer: Concept of creativity The creativity of an organization needs to be enhanced for achieving the competitive advantage (Parjanen 2012). The creative atmosphere of the organization fosters the employees to suggest innovative ideas and procedures to the organization. There are significant benefits to the organization in terms of creative work atmosphere and creative employees (Anderson PotoÄ nik and Zhou 2014). The generation of new ideas benefits the organization by process improvements or venturing into new business areas that are more profitable. An organization derives benefit from the feedback from various stakeholders regarding the details of the market place (Anderson PotoÄ nik and Zhou 2014). The organizations are benefitted from inducing creativity within the employees (West 2015). The organizations engage in encouraging the people to determine new market niches within the market and design suitable products that meet the consumer preferences (West 2015). The creative inputs from the em ployees would lead to cost-effective improvements as well as efficiency. The executives should take active steps in harnessing the creativity of the employees and to create an innovative work environment (Florida 2014). The leaders of the organization should influence and transform the organization in a better way. They should search for alternative work process that employs more innovative and creative process (Florida 2014). The leaders should devise innovative solutions that challenge the present thinking pattern (West 2015). They should consider the fact that the workplace consists of different people coming from different cultural backgrounds (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). The innovation policy should formulate in such a manner that it is suitable for all the sections of the employees (Florida 2014). There is a need of greater collaboration and the encouragement of creative ideas. The leaders or executives should aim at better understanding of the composition of the human resources (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). They should be aware of the energies, strengths, weakness, passion and other attributes of the employees. The employees should be given enough time and opportunity to brainstorm new ideas (Davenport 2013). The leaders should understand that it is difficult to have creative ideas in a time constrained, high pressure and high stress environment. Objectives of innovative strategy The innovation strategy should include incorporating changes both within the organization as well as outside the organization (Hammond Keeney and Raiffa 2015). The external stakeholders consist of suppliers, customers, vendors and others, who can be a good source of creative ideas. The internal communication systems should be strengthened so that there is an increased level of creativity in the organization (Hammond Keeney and Raiffa 2015). The employees should be encouraged for bringing in new ideas and creative concepts and adequate value should be given to them for incorporating innovative ideas (Hammond Keeney and Raiffa 2015). The employees should be challenged to think in a different manner and hence find suitable solutions to the various problems of the organization. The employees should be given sufficient space to utilize their own judgment (Buirge 2013). The organizational environment should encourage openness, transparency and sufficient freedom of speech to the employees. The different levels of employees should be brought together so that they can work together on same projects, thereby fostering creative ideas from a number of people (Hammond Keeney and Raiffa 2015). The creative employees usually crave challenges and accomplishments and like to stimulate their minds for delivering superior performance (Fullan 2014). The broad objectives of the innovative strategy of the organization are as follows- Encourage creative ideas from the employees and appreciate them Stimulate the minds of the employees Keep the employees intellectually engaged Minimize the unnecessary obstacles of the employees Key Innovative Strategies The companies should aim for creative ideas both from inside the organization as well as outside the organization (Carmeli Gelbard and Reiterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Palmon 2013). The organizations should listen carefully to the ideas of the customers and observe their particular behavioral aspects. The ideas behind the customer feedback have a great potential of becoming relevant at the marketplace. The organization must be open to gather and respond to the ideas of their customers (Carmeli Gelbard and Reiterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Palmon 2013). The company should avail the creative solutions readily available in the market. The creative solutions or the creative tactics of other organizations through legal channels should be utilized for incorporating creativity in the own organization (Siemens 2014). This approach is helpful for quick solution to a particular problem. The companies usually engage in outside collaboration with other stakeholders, which give them high sales volume from new products (E ccles Perkins and Serafeim 2012). For example, one company was looking for food packaging options, which are sterile. They partnered with polymer and paper companies, along with the manufacturers of hospital sterilization equipments so that they can develop their required packaging designs (Carmeli Gelbard and Reiterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Palmon 2013). The companies can partner with other related organizations so that they can gain maximum benefit from the association. The company can look for experts in a wide variety of domains for potential technologies and innovative ideas. The organizational leaders should enhance the internal creativity of the organization (Jia et al. 2014). The leaders should boost creativity within the organization and should design creative approaches for implementation in the organization (Jia et al. 2014). The following factors should be kept in mind for the implementation of creative ideas in the workplace. They are discussed below (Jia et al. 2014)- Leadership and strategic fit- The clear communication regarding the vision, mission and goals of the company would enable the employees to devise their own creative approaches of achieving them (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The employees should understand their role and should think strategically to achieve the goals of the organization. The clear direction of the company would help them to gather a lot if innovative ideas towards the goals (Hackman and Johnson 2013). An effective and transparent communication strategy would enable understanding of the goals as well as challenges, creating business knowledge, celebration of the creative approaches and recognition of the success. The supportive leadership behavior would enable the senior managers to demonstrate commitment towards innovative ideas (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The supportive managers would reward the innovation by promotion practices, which would lead to the empowerment of their teams. The legal and the financial aspects s hould also be kept in mind before the formulation of innovation strategies (Hackman and Johnson 2013). Motivation and reward- The leaders should produce a work environment in which the employees are given sufficient space and liberty to perform at their best abilities (Gerhart and Fang 2015). The work environment, job profile and the organizational policies should inspire and motivate the employees to work in a creative manner (Gerhart and Fang 2015). The positive organizational culture, good industrial relations, smart incentive policy and proper appraisal systems influence the employees to perform better by adopting innovative means (Gerhart and Fang 2015). The reward systems should be properly designed so that it encourages the employees to offer creative solutions to the workplace issues and problems (Gerhart and Fang 2015). For example, the concept of team rewards encourages the employees to share ideas between the peers. The organizations should take of motivation tactics as the reward system brings in motivation to the employees. Organizational design- The organizational business strategy should be taken in consideration while formulating creative strategies for the organization (Schlesinger and Doyle 2015). The inappropriate business strategies act as barrier to creativity. The bureaucratic and not so flexible organizational strategy negatively affects the formation of creative solutions (Schlesinger and Doyle 2015). The structural changes including corporate restructuring, outsourcing may also have a negative impact on the creativity of the organization. The organizational design should be such that there is increased team building and various team review activities. The physical space in the office should be designed in such a manner so that it encourages good opportunities for group debate (Schlesinger and Doyle 2015). This would foster the generation of new ideas from the discussion of a number of people. Some innovative ideas can be applied to the organizations such as planning of open offices and relax ed places, which would encourage the employees to engage in small talks and discuss their individual ideas together (Schlesinger and Doyle 2015). Capability- The organization should have the right employees at the right place. The company should undertake correct recruitment strategy, which identifies the people with high creative skills (Chamorro-Premuzic 2013). The candidates should be thoroughly judged during the recruitment and selection process, which ensures they have a fairly good flow of innovative ideas (Chamorro-Premuzic 2013). The training sessions of the company should be appropriate so that it addresses the innovation practices of the organization. There should be personal development plans for the employees like mentoring, coaching, learning groups and other creative opportunities for learning and sharing the out of the box ideas (Chamorro-Premuzic 2013). The organizations should produce networking opportunities and innovative internal ideas. Culture- The organizational culture is an important factor for accelerating the creativity of the employees (Halim et al. 2014). The creativity can be improved by significant level of risk taking, trust in management and the promotion of continuous learning opportunities. The risk management strategies should allow the employees to feel confident and can concentrate well in their jobs (Halim et al. 2014). The diversity in an organization helps to inculcate the creative sparks in the people of the workplace (Halim et al. 2014). They invent different ways of thinking or different approaches to a common problem. The organization should also maintain good relationships with the external stakeholders in order to keep the communication channels open (Halim et al. 2014). The more information would lead to more creative ideas for the employees. Knowledge and information management- There should be capable information systems that allow the employees to save information and share information (Anderson PotoÄ nik and Zhou 2014). This helps the employees to devise creative solutions towards a problem by looking at the information about the other areas of the organization. The employees are also able to enhance the intellectual capacity and improve the same by the adoption of various perspectives. The information systems allow the organization to look outside the boundaries of the organization (Anderson PotoÄ nik and Zhou 2014). The outside sources of information include market intelligence data. The information sources of the organization look for access and storing of the market intelligence data (Parjanen 2012). The potential problems or future course of action can be identified from these data. There should be an internal two way communication process, which includes the smooth passage of information between th e front line staffs and the decision makers. The customers should have clear access point to the company where they can feed their creative ideas (Anderson PotoÄ nik and Zhou 2014). There should be proper internal information as well as communication processes so that the front line staffs become aware of the importance of the passing the customer insights to the organization (West 2015). Components of a good innovation strategy An innovation strategy should provide true inspiration to the stakeholders and should demonstrate the future condition of the company (Halim et al. 2014). The opportunities formulated in the innovation strategy should provide sufficient input and customize the overall corporate strategy (West 2015). The creative ideas should be utilized in such a way that it reaps the maximum potential benefit. The innovation strategy should be ambitious in nature and should provide a strong basis to be in the forefront of the competition (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The concerned organization should beat the competition and make new spaces for themselves in the market (West 2015). The innovation strategy should aim to position the company in a higher rank. The innovative strategy should be of high value and high ambition. It should help the organization to create value addition (Halim et al. 2014). The organization should be shown clear benefits from the adoption of the innovative policy. The innovative policy should be formulated in such a way that it serves the desired purpose as well as it is cost effective in nature (Buirge 2013). The cost benefit analysis should be performed in order to assess the potential benefits of the innovation strategy. The innovative strategy should be specific to the time period in which it is developed (Buirge 2013). The strategy should be up to the mark and should be above the market standards (West 2015). The strategy needs to explore the possible developments in the market and the circumstances while defining the most lucrative market opportunities (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The innovative strategy should be adaptive in nature and should be customized over time (West 2015). The learning should be encouraged and sufficient amount of time should be dedicated to the strategies (Buirge 2013). Financial aspect of innovation plan The innovation expenditure comprises of the current expenditure practices as well as investment options for future expenditure. The acquisition of machinery and equipment is necessary for the purpose of innovation (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The acquisition of technological advancements is also required for sustaining the innovative practices (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The changes in the new processes, new work flows, changes in the production patterns, quality control and others require considerable amount of finances to sustain (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The arrangement for the introduction of new services, distribution and production process need the financial support. The market research activities, recruitment of suitable manpower, launch advertisement and others require significant amount of funds (Birkinshaw and Duke 2013). The financial planning should be done that satisfies the best interest of the organization as well as foster an environment of innovation. Conclusion There is a high degree of competition in todays world. The organizations are surviving in an environment that is characterized by cut throat competition, high level of uncertainty and the increasing need to develop unique products and services. It is important for the organization to constantly drive innovation and sustaining change in the organization. The creative environment of the organization has many benefits and a dynamic workplace is the dream of most of the employees. The innovative strategy should have certain objectives and aims before they are implemented in the system. There is a need to keep the employees intellectually engaged and to stimulate the minds of the employees with fresh tasks. The employees should be constantly motivated to perform better by offering innovative ideas to the organization, which would be beneficial for the organization. The innovative ideas often help the organization to solve some of the crucial problems. The innovative strategy should consis t of the leadership and strategic fit, motivation and reward, organizational design, capability, culture, knowledge and information management and others. The organization should involve all the stakeholders in driving innovation and change in the workplace. The employees, vendors, clients, business partners, suppliers and others should contribute equally towards the organizational innovation. The components of a good innovation strategy are discussed. It is very important to implement creative practices in the workplace so that the organization enjoys higher levels of success and recognition. References Anderson, N., PotoÄ nik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Birkinshaw, J. and Duke, L., 2013. Employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Led Innovation.Business Strategy Review,24(2), pp.46-51. Buirge, B.M., 2013.Decentralized Design Management: Managing People and the Design Process for a Geographically Dispersed Creative Team(Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University). Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R. and Reiterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Palmon, R., 2013. Leadership, Creative Problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Solving Capacity, and Creative Performance: The Importance of Knowledge Sharing.Human Resource Management,52(1), pp.95-121. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., 2013. Seven rules for managing creative-but-difficult people.Harvard Business Review. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Eccles, R.G., Perkins, K.M. and Serafeim, G., 2012. How to become a sustainable company.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(4), p.43. Florida, R., 2014.The Rise of the Creative Class--Revisited: Revised and Expanded. Basic books. Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Gerhart, B. and Fang, M., 2015. Pay, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, and creativity in the workplace: Revisiting long-held beliefs.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,2(1), pp.489-521. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Halim, H.A., Ahmad, N.H., Ramayah, T. and Hanifah, H., 2014. The Growth of Innovative Performance among SMEs: Leveraging on Organisational Culture and Innovative Human Capital.Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development,2(1), pp.107-125. Hammond, J., Keeney, R. and Raiffa, H., 2015.Smart choices: A practical guide to making better decisions. Harvard Business Review Press. Jia, L., Shaw, J.D., Tsui, A.S. and Park, T.Y., 2014. A SocialStructural Perspective on EmployeeOrganization Relationships and Team Creativity.Academy of Management Journal,57(3), pp.869-891. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Parjanen, S., 2012. Experiencing creativity in the organization: from individual creativity to collective creativity.Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management,7, pp.109-128. Schlesinger, P. and Doyle, G., 2015. From organizational crisis to multi-platform salvation? Creative destruction and the recomposition of news media.Journalism,16(3), pp.305-323. Siemens, G., 2014. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. West, S., 2015.Playing at Work: Organizational Play as a Facilitator of Creativity(Doctoral dissertation, ALBA Graduate Business School).

Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Example

Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Should insurable involvements be abolished? In this thesis I will ship upon a elaborate rating of the jurisprudence in relation to ‘insurable interests.’ I shall through analysis of legislative act and case-law describe the current regulations refering to this country of jurisprudence, and shall sketch the advantages and disadvantages of such. Through treatment of the altering fortunes giving rise to insurable involvements I shall so measure whether or non, based upon these analyses, we should get rid of insurable involvement from UK Law. We will write a custom essay sample on Should insurable interests be abolished specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should insurable interests be abolished specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Should insurable interests be abolished specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first thing to observe is that historically it has been really hard to place a general regulation to explicate when insurable involvements should use, as there has neer been a general demand for an insured to possess an involvement in the capable affair of an insurance policy. Alternatively specific regulations have been developed for different types of insurance agreements. For illustration, the regulations refering to Life Assurance Policies are set out in the Life Assurance Act 1774, which describes itself as â€Å"An Act for modulating Insurances upon Lives, and for forbiding all such Insurances, except in instances where the Persons sing shall hold an Interest in the Life or Death of the Persons insured, † whereas the regulations refering to Marine Insurance policies are governed by the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a codification of the regulations contained in the earlier statutory instruments ; the Marine Insurance Act 1746 and the Marine Insurance Act 1788. Other policies, including liability and belongings insurance are governed by regulations which have been established through common jurisprudence instead than legislative act, but are similar in nature to the regulations contained within the Marine Insurance Act 1906. I shall discourse the assorted different types of Insurance Policy and the particular regulations which govern the demand of insurable involvements in greater deepness subsequently in this essay, but for now I would merely wish to do the point that the deficiency of general regulations refering to insurable involvement topographic points an interesting new dimension to the treatment subject with which we are faced in this essay ; should insurable involvements be abolished wholly, or are their certain types of insurance policies to which they should go on to use? Before we embark on our analysis of the instance jurisprudence and the legislative act refering to insurable involvements, allow us foremost be clear about the nature of the philosophy. The philosophy of insurable involvements precludes those people who have certain types of involvements in the life, liability or belongings to be insured from lawfully buying insurance policies over those involvements. In basic footings, the philosophy of insurable involvements prevents a individual from taking out insurance policies on life, belongings or liabilities in which that individual has no vested involvement or ownership. The principle for this regulation is about axiomatic ; to let person to take out an insurance policy against, for illustration, the devastation of belongings in which he or she does non hold any ownership would be to efficaciously allow such a individual to utilize the insurance system as a method for chancing, the insurance premiums stand foring the exclusive steak, and the pay-out against the devastation of that belongings as the pay-out. R Merkin, in his article â€Å"Gambling by Insurance – A Study of the Life Assurance Act 1774 [ 1 ] † argues this point persuasively, and points out that such a gambling civilization contravenes the really implicit in aims of the UK insurance system ; it is non a system designed to assist people enrich themselves through bad luck, but instead one which compensates or reimburses for losingss really suffered. Therefore, we may province that one of the cardinal aims of the philosophy of insurable involvements is to continue the insuranc e rule of insurance by forestalling people utilizing insurance as a method for chancing. From this analysis emerges yet another immorality which the philosophy of insurable involvements is obviously trying to forestall ; is person is allowed to see against belongings, life which does non belong to them, so that individual would so hold a vested involvement in the devastation of that belongings. For illustration, if I have taken out insurance against my neighbour’s ?250,000 house, at an one-year premium of ?500, so if the house was destroyed, so I would efficaciously do a net income of ?249,500. Whilst non everybody would really put about to intentionally destruct others belongings, the potency for utmost net income would surely promote some people to prosecute in this pattern. Therefore another chief aim of the philosophy of insurable involvements is to forestall moral jeopardy ; insurance policies should non make inducements for people to destruct the capable affair of the policy. As mentioned antecedently, the philosophy of insurable involvements was established by 18th century legislative act ; the Life Assurance Act 1746 or the Life Assurance Act 1774. These two legislative acts nevertheless failed to prosecute in a definition of what was meant precisely by an ‘insurable interest.’ Debate ensued as to whether an insurable involvement should be limited to strictly legal involvements, or whether a ‘factual expectation’ of an involvement in the belongings would do. The range of this argument can be seen through a comparing of two 18th century instance determinations. The first is the instance of Le Cras v. Hughes 1782 [ 2 ] . The facts of this instance were as follows: A British Captain was appointed Captain of a Spanish vas, which was captured by the British in the war with Spain. Under the Prize Act, the crew of a ship may really, under certain fortunes, be awarded with the rubric of a ship and its goods one time a captured ship returned to England. With this in head, the crew of the ship decided to take out an insurance policy to protect their possible involvement in the ship. On their ocean trip back to England a violent storm destroyed the ship, and as such the Captain and the staying crew tried to claim for the loss of the ship on their insurance policy, but the insurance company refused to pay out on the footing that the legal involvement in the ship had non yet become vested in the Captain as the ship neer managed to return to England in tact. Judge Mansfield, whilst holding with the insurance company that the Captain did non really have a legal anticipation in the vas, still held that the Captain should be able to retrieve. He reasoned that the Captain has acquired what might be described as a ‘factual expectancy’ based upon the fact that from past experience of English maritime usage whenever a gaining control has been made, since the Revolution ( 1688 ) , by sea or land, the Crown has made a grant and there has been no case to the contrary. Judge Mansfield hence held that the Captain of the ship did in fact possess an insurable involvement and was entitled to be reimbursed for the full cost of the ship by the insurance company: An involvement is necessary, but no peculiar sort of involvement is required. Master Holfold s insurance though non a vested involvement, were held insurable. An agent of awards may see his net incomes though they are in eventuality Some writers see this instance as simply an illustration of the jurisprudence intervening and making a philosophy in order to forestall unfair consequences from happening ; the Captain did non take out a policy for the intents of unfair enrichment, but instead to protect his possible involvement in the vas. The opinion of this instance is non in dispute to the insurance rule of insurance, and hence Judge Mansfield could see no ground why the Captains claim should non be allowed. The philosophy of factual outlook may therefore hold been created to let the tribunals to relinquish the rigorous legal regulations where appropriate, i.e. where the consequence through application of the rigorous legal regulations would non be the most merely in the full fortunes of the instance. This instance may hence be seen as an illustration of judicial pragmatism. On the other side of the coin is the instance of Lucena v. Crawford ( 1805 [ 3 ] ) , a instance that attempted to set up a narrow and stiff legal definition of insurable involvement. The facts of this instance are really similar to those that we have merely discussed supra, but in this instance, Lord Eldon decided that he did non desire to advance the philosophy of factual outlook, but instead make a stiff regulation that would advance a greater grade of legal certainty in instances sing the designation of insurable involvements. Lord Eldon insisted that the being of an insurable involvement must depend upon the being of a legal right, and as the Captain did non hold a legal right to the ship in inquiry, he could non be supported by jurisprudence in his claim against the insurance company. His concluding for this determination was as follows ; if the insurance company who had insured the ship were in a place to be able to see a ship when they did non at that minute in clip have any belongings involvement in that vas, so it would similarly be possible for anyone to see the ship and as such all the jobs of the insurance system being used as a method for chancing would once more originate: ..If they have a right so to see, it seems to me that any individual who is directed to take goods into his warehouse may see If moral certainty be a land of insurable involvement, there are 100s, possibly 1000s, who would be entitled to see. First the dock company, so the dock-master, so the warehouse-keeper, so the porter, so every other individual who to a moral certainty would hold anything to make with the belongings, and of class get something by it. Eldon farther supported his statement by manner of a conjectural analogy: Suppose A be possessed of a ship limited to B in instance A dies without issue ; that A has 20 kids, the eldest of whom is 20 old ages of age ; and B is 90 old ages of age. It is a moral certainty that B will neer come into ownership, yet this is a clear involvement. On the other manus, say the instance of the inheritor at jurisprudence of a adult male who has an estate worth 20,000 a twelvemonth, who is 90 old ages of age ; upon his death-bed intestate, and incapable from incurable madness from doing a will, there is no many who will deny that such an inheritor at jurisprudence has a moral certainty of wining to the estate ; yet the jurisprudence will non let that he has any involvement, or any thing more than a mere outlook. In Eldon’s sentiment hence the former would hold an insurable involvement, whereas the latter would non. And so we can get down to see non merely the aims behind the philosophy of insurable involvements, but besides the practical jobs of making a legal trial which will forestall these aims being breached but that will besides, at the same clip allow those who should, in the fortunes of their instance, be awarded wage from their insurance companies, despite their non holding a rigorous legal involvement in the belongings in inquiry. The inquiry which we must now inquire ourselves is this ; are these aims still of import in the twenty-first Century, and if so, are they so of import that the philosophy of insurable involvements must stay in UK jurisprudence? Let us now examine how the philosophy of insurable involvements has developed since the above instances, with peculiar mention to how the regulations differ for each type of insurance policy ; after all, as touched upon earlier in the essay, there is no general regulation that an insurable involvement is required for every type of insurance policy, and hence there is no ground why our decision must be limited to a yes or no reply as to whether this philosophy should be abolished. In relation to life confidence policies, the jurisprudence insists that the insurance company, i.e. the individual taking out the insurance policy, has an insurable involvement in the life of the insured, i.e. the individual whose life is being insured. Straight off we can see a job with using our earlier definitions of insurable involvement to such state of affairss ; a individual can non purely talking have a legal involvement in the life of another. The jurisprudence in this country nevertheless has developed to merely allow people to take out life confidence policies against either their partner, or any individual who is financially dependent upon the individual taking out the insurance policy. The legal authorization for this limited range is contained in subdivision 1 of the 1774 Life Assurance Act, which provides: â€Å"†¦ no insurance shall be made by any individual †¦ on the life or lives of any individual, or on any other event or events whatsoever, wherein the i ndividual or individuals for whose usage, benefit, or on whose history such policy or policies shall be made, shall hold no involvement, or by manner of chancing or wagering: and that every confidence made contrary to the true purpose and significance hereof shall be void and null to all purposes and intents whatsoever.† The inquiry which immediately comes to mind is how the jurisprudence can warrant a differentiation between those twosomes who are married and those twosomes that are un-married but are live togethering in a similar manner? After all we can non doubt the fact that a twosome may be in love with one another and be in close propinquity whether married or non, and as such, the same justification for leting married twosomes to see against each other’s possible decease must use to those twosomes who are populating together. In relation to Marine Insurance, as mentioned earlier, the jurisprudence is governed by the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a codification of the regulations contained in the earlier statutory instruments ; the Marine Insurance Act 1746 and the Marine Insurance Act 1788. The relevant subdivisions refering to the philosophy of insurable involvements are as follows: Section 4 ( 1 ) of the Act provides that: â€Å"Every contract of Marine insurance by manner of gambling or wagering is void.† This subdivision clearly demonstrates that the aims of the philosophy of insurable involvement, as discussed antecedently, were still, in 1906, a great concern to the legislators of the clip. Section 4 ( 2 ) of the Act sets out the state of affairss which will be classed by jurisprudence as ‘gambling or wagering’ : â€Å"A contract of Marine insurance is deemed to be a gambling or beting contract- ( a ) Where the assured has non aninsurable involvementas defined by this Act, and the contract is entered into with nooutlook of geting such an involvement; or ( B ) Where the policy is made â€Å"interest or no involvement, † or â€Å"without farther cogent evidence of involvement than the policy itself, † or â€Å"without benefit of salvage to the insurance company, † or capable to any other similar term: Provided that, where there is no possibility of salvage, a policy may be effected without benefit of salvage to the insurance company. † Within this subdivision we can see an incorporation of both the rigorous legal trial of insurable involvement [ as highlighted in bold above ] along with an recognition that a factual outlook will do as an insurable involvement [ in italics above ] . The existent definition of insurable involvement nevertheless is contained in subdivision 5 of the 1906 Act, which provides that: â€Å" ( 1 ) Subject to the commissariats of this Act, every individual has an insurable involvement who is interested in a marine escapade. ( 2 ) In peculiar a individual is interested in a marine escapade where he stands in any legal or just relation to the escapade or to any insurable belongings at hazard therein, in effect of which he may profit by the safety or due reaching of insurable belongings, or may be prejudiced by its loss, or harm thereto, or by the detainment thereof, or may incur liability in regard thereof.† And so we can see that one of the differences between the philosophy of insurable involvement in relation to life confidence as opposed to marine insurance is the fact that with the former the insurable involvement must be at the clip of taking out the policy [ 4 ] , whereas with the latter an insurable involvement is merely required at the point of loss [ 5 ] . This opposing point of view does non truly do much rational sense, and non merely supports our earlier unfavorable judgment that the philosophy of insurable involvement should use to life confidence policies between single twosomes, but besides raises a concern as to the anomalous nature of the philosophy and the ensuing deficiency of legal certainty. There are farther anomalousnesss ; the regulations of insurable involvements for insurance insurance policies are non governed by either of the above statute law, but instead through common jurisprudence which has come to the place that for such policies an insurable involvement is required but that such an involvement may be direct or indirect and can be proved through demoing that the individual concerned has suffered a loss [ 6 ] . The regulations of insurable involvement for all other types of insurance policy are governed, albeit indirectly, by Section 18 of the Gaming Act which renders unenforceable â€Å"All contracts or understandings, whether by word or in authorship, by manner of gambling or wagering, shall be void and void.† As we can see, the fact that there are different regulations for each type of insurance policy, and the fact that there are disagreements in the application of the philosophy of insurable involvements between each of these different insurance types truly does intend that the jurisprudence in this country is extremely unaccessible, in that the regulations for the application of this philosophy are contained in ancient legislative act and case-law and are non easy to happen, and incoherent, in that there are anomalousnesss such as the one pertaining to the life confidence of un-married twosomes. In portion the anomalousnesss may merely be a consequence of the fact that this philosophy has been developed in a piece-meal manner over a long period of clip, but whatever the grounds the fact is that this is a major unfavorable judgment of the current jurisprudence pertaining to insurable involvements. Waller LJ nevertheless, in the instance of Feasey V Sun Life Assurance Company [ 7 ] , argues that due to the nature of the construct of the philosophy of insured involvements, it impossible to hold the same set of regulations which applies to every type of insurance policy. He said: â€Å"†¦ I would propose that it is hard to specify insurable involvement in words which will use in all state of affairss. The context and the footings of a policy with which the tribunal is concerned will be all important. The words used to specify insurable involvement in, for illustration, a belongings context, should non be slavishly followed in different contexts, and words used in a life insurance context where one identified life is the topic of the insurance may non be wholly apt where the topic is many lives and many events. [ 8 ] † I would reason that whilst I agree that there good may some cardinal and built-in grounds for using the philosophy of insured involvements otherwise dep ending upon which type of loss is the topic of an insurance policy, greater justification is required if such disagreements are allowed to prevail. Ward LJ, in the same instance did non hold with Waller LJ but instead advocated thatâ€Å"for the interest of lucidity and consistence, insurable involvement should bear every bit about as possible the same significance for all classs of insurance.†I agree with Ward’s sentiment. These unfavorable judgments aside, the fact is that in pattern the judiciary tend to favor the determination of an insurable involvement in such instances. The ground for this was expressed compactly by Brett MR in the instance of Stock V Inglis ( 1884 ) [ 9 ] : â€Å"In my sentiment it is the responsibility of a Court ever to tilt in favor of an insurable involvement, if possible, for it seems to me that after investment bankers have received the premium, the expostulation that there was no insurable involvement is frequently, every bit about as possible, a proficient expostulation, and one which has no existent virtue, surely non as between the assured and the insurer.† Given this go oning desire to see that insurance companies meet their fiscal duties to those people from whom they have accepted insurance premiums, and given the legislatives continued committedness to forbid contracts of gaming and wagering, we must inquire ourselves whether or non the philosophy of insurable involvements has any existent topographic point in out 21stCentury Insurance jurisprudence. Besides, the modern demands of uberrima fides [ utmost good religion ] make impulsive revelation of all relevant material facts known to the insured party a legal demand, and based upon this information it is up to the insurance company to make up ones mind whether they wish to see against the hazard in inquiry, and what premium they require. I do non believe that it is just that an insurance company can hold to see person for a hazard at a certain premium, and so when that hazard materialises into a world the insurance company turn about and decline to do payment on the trifle of defic iency of insurable involvements. On this footing I feel that whilst it may non be necessary to get rid of the philosophy of insurable involvements, alteration is surely required to guarantee that it is non used by insurance companies as a proficient land for equivocation of liability. An interesting statement has been put frontward by Clarke in his 2005 article Policies and Perceptions of Insurance Law in the Twenty-first Century [ 10 ] . He argues that the philosophy of insurable involvement does non function its intent in the manner that it purports to make. He argues that people should be allowed to see against what they choose, be it other people or other people’s belongings. He grounds this statement by was of a conjectural illustration: â€Å"If A, for grounds which A knows best, values B s life adequate to pay premiums, why non allow A make so? Why non trust people? Why non swear the constabulary, who will be the first to look at A if B dies all of a sudden, and society at big to see that B is safe from A? † This is a really good point ; after all should belongings be destroyed or a individual be killed the constabulary would be the first to ask as to who would profit from such occurrences and this would in most instances point to the perpetrator. What Clarke does non account for in his statement is the fact that if insuring on other people’s lives became a wide-spread commercial world, it may be really hard for the constabulary to place the individual who performed the condemnable harm or slaying, as the perpetrator may be one of a figure within an insurance mob. Despite this, I do empathise with Clarke’s point of view, and do experience that it would be better to hold a system which was non so randomly restrictive. In decision, I would reason that there surely is a instance for the abolishment of the philosophy of insurable involvements ; the current philosophy and the regulations thereof are really unaccessible, being contained in different and really ancient instance jurisprudence and legislative act, inconsistent [ as between different types of insurance policy ] and in topographic points are unduly restrictive. It can besides be argued that there is no existent demand for the philosophy in 21stCentury insurance jurisprudence, as the contractual demand of uberrima fides coupled with the jurisprudence which prohibit bet oning or beting in such contexts are sufficient to forestall insurance policies being used in such ways without the philosophy of insurable involvements. These are non needfully nevertheless exceptionally strong grounds for get rid ofing this philosophy wholly, but there is no uncertainty that it surely needs reform. The jurisprudence should be clarified, with one regulation which applies to all sorts of insurance policy. Besides, insurance companies should be regulated to a greater grade so that they can non utilize the philosophy as a trifle by which they will seek to avoid paying out on their insurance policies. Bibliography and Mentions Legislative acts: Life Assurance Act 1774 Marine Insurance Act 1906 Marine Insurance Act 1746 Marine Insurance Act 1788 Life Assurance Act 1746 Cases: Le Cras v. Hughes 1782 99 Eng.Rep. 549 ( KB 1782 ) Master Holfold s Lucena v. Crawford ( 1805 ) 127 Eng.Rep. 630 ( 1805 ) 331Dalby 5 India and London Life-Assurance Co ( 1854 ) 15 CB 365 Siu Yin Kwan V Eastern Insurance [ 1994 ] 2 AC 199. Stock V Inglis ( 1884 ) 12 QBD 564 Feasey V Sun Life Assurance Company [ 2002 ] 2 AER ( Comm ) 492 and [ 2003 ] 2 AER ( Comm ) 587 Diaries: R Merkin â€Å"Gambling by Insurance – A Study of the Life Assurance Act 1774† ( 1980 ) 9 Anglo-American Law Review M A Clarke, Policies and Perceptions of Insurance Law in the Twenty-first Century ( 2005 ) P 38. Leimberg and Gibbons, TOLI, COLI, BOLI, and Insurable Interests An Interview With Michel Nelson, Estate Planning Magazine, Vol. 28, No. 1, July 2001, Pg. 333. â€Å"Insurable Interest in Property: A Socio-Economic Re-evaluation of a Legal Concept† B Harnett, JV Thornton Columbia Law Review, 1948 1