Racial Discrimination - 807 Words

Minorities have been subject to racial discrimination for decades. In the United States, racial prejudice in the criminal justice system has had a profound effect on the lives of African-Americans and Hispanics. From policing to trial to sentencing, racism against minorities occurs throughout the entire process in the criminal justice system. This research paper will outline some of the aspects and evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. Keywords: criminal justice, discrimination, profiling, sentencing Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Minorities, particularly African-Americans and Hispanics, are targeted and punished in a more aggressive way than white people in the United States criminal†¦show more content†¦These statistics does not exclude young drivers from age 16 and older. Of the 8.7% of them that were stopped in 2002, 39% were Blacks and Latinos. All of which were physically searched or their vehicles were searched (Banks, 2017). Trials. After people of color are arrested, the question then is whether or not they can afford an attorney. The lower income minorities will be at a disadvantage due to limited resources. They would have to rely on a public defendant who may or may not take the time to properly prepare for their case. Also, if they do not own a phone then they will not be released because they would need to be able to be reached (Mauer, 2010). The wait time for a trial to take place, if they ever have one because they are rare, is usually longer for African Americans than whites. A 1995 review of disparities in processing felony arrests show that more often than not blacks are detained longer than whites while waiting for felony trials (Quigley, 2011). Jury selection is another aspect of trials that African Americans are discriminated against. They are usually not chosen for criminal court cases. In Houston County, Alabama, Blacks are more likely to be removed from the qualified jury list than whites are for death penalty cases (Quigley, 2011). Further research has shown that from 1980 through 1986 that in preparation of fifteen capital murder trials prosecutors excluded 90% of AfricanShow MoreRelatedOvert Racial Discrimination and Institutional Racial Discrimination635 Words   |  3 PagesPrior to the 1960s, discrimination was viewed as a creature of prejudice (Feagin Feagin, 1988). What this means is that the problem of discrimination was viewed as one motivated primarily by individuals (or groups of individuals) on the basis of prejudice or hatred. Implicit in this prejudice-causes-discrimination-model (Feagin Feagin, p. XX) was the assumption that the solution to discrimination was one of simply eliminating prejudice. Thus , the elimination of prejudicial behavior wouldRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, descent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). Racial discrimination can be perpetrated by individuals within society, and corporate institutions such as schools, the work force and the government, all of which we have seenRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination1637 Words   |  7 Pagesreferencing the topic of racism and racial discrimination in today’s society, one of the biggest questions that still remain unanswered is as such: Why does racial discrimination still exist? What factors take place within the human mind that might cause feelings of hatred and bigotry? What can result from an individual using racially discriminating language? From times predating even the most notable case of as much, pre-Civil War United States American slavery, discrimination has existed in many differentRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Racial Profiling1524 Words   |  7 Pages In our society today, racial discrimination and inequality continues to be an issue. Regardless of the advancements we make in our society in terms of race, discrimination is something that can not simply be erased. The conflict with discrimination is evident when we look at the issue of racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the treatment of an individual based on their race or ethnicity (Statistics of Racial Profiling 1). It is often a tool being used by law enforcement when deciding toRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination859 Words   |  4 Pageshundred percent accurate. A racial comment would be that African Americans are dangerous coming from the fact that there are more African American in prison that any other demographic. In today’s America, racism is practiced in every sort of way from subtle, aversive, to even â€Å"reverse† racism and, many more. the most common way to racially discriminate against a group is through visual processing, ho wever, what causes this to be the most common mean of discrimination, could it be that this is howRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Gender Discrimination962 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly being seen, especially on social media. It s a single word which people are using instead of the longer phrases disability discrimination or disability prejudice. Racial discrimination and gender discrimination have their own single words - racism and sexism - and so those ideas can be expressed a little more easily. Disability discrimination is often complicated and misunderstood. At one end of the scale, buildings with steps instead of ramps may be said to be ableist. Less obviousRead MoreRacial Oppression And Racial Discrimination997 Words   |  4 PagesHuman begins since the beginning of time have understood the concept of racial solidarity but yet decides to ignore it. Racial oppression is a direct consequence of a superior race. Racial oppression is the act of power that causes the sta te of being to feel heavily exploited. There are two types of racial oppression that are not commonly well known of, institutionalized and internalized. Institutionalized oppression is expressed when a group of people based on their race has a different chance ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Discrimination And Racial Discrimination1532 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination made its way to planet earth way before it could be documented. Racial discrimination happens all over the world both consciously and unconsciously, destroying lives every day. Racial discrimination can best be described as, when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. There are many forms of racial discrimination even if we don’t want to face it. Among the mostRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Effects On American Culture970 Words   |  4 PagesIf there is one thing I have noticed dur ing my, admittedly, short sixteen years, it is the racial discrimination and obvious bigotry of the those who are not white. Stereotypes and detrimental comments are slung every which way. Others, rely on subtle jabs while some are oblivious to the offense of the people they are around. It seems to me, that people do not seem to care. I have listened to countless conversations where people would nonchalantly insult their own culture and heritage as if theyRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of racial discrimination in the labor market. Understanding racial discrimination in the labor market is of critical importance because of the sever wage differentials between different races in the market. Most of the economic research on racial discrimination focuses on black and white males. Hence this paper will also be focusing on wage and employment differentials between black and white males. I will start by discussing

Probation Prison and Federal Prisoners Returning - 817 Words

Emily Arochi Probation CJS/230 May 8, 2011 Probation is a type of sentence for criminal defendants. Probation allows a convicted defendant to go free with a suspended sentence for a specified duration during good behavior. Probationers are placed under the supervision of a probation officer and must fulfill certain conditions. If the probationer violates a condition of probation, the court may place additional restrictions on the probationer or order the probationer to serve a term of imprisonment. Probation is normally for offenders sentenced to short terms in jail: it is not combined with a long prison sentence. legal dictionary) Unsupervised, supervised, and intensive are the three types of probation. Intensive probationers are†¦show more content†¦All of this information is significant because it keeps a close eye on how many prisoners are released on probation and what percent of these prisoners did not follow through with it. According to the information from BJS it shows that probation effectiveness has its good times and its bad times. I think that probation is an effective form of community corrections as it can be. There is never a 100% effective way of stopping people from committing crime. If someone commits a crime even knowing the consequences, chances are they will do it again with or without probation. I think the government needs to focus on why people are committing crime and try to prevent crime before it happens. I also think that maybe there needs to be longer probation periods and harsher ones for repeat offenders. I also think that probation should be for less serious crimes and maybe for misdemeanors and not felonies. References http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/probation retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/sfprc.pdf retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tpamp;tid=15 retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailamp;iid=1138 retrieved on May 8, 2011 Corrections: The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education,Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pagesterm IPS, also known as intensive probation supervision, is defined by the Criminal Justice Today textbook as a form of probation supervision involving frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer (Schmalleger 399). This type of probation has been described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensiveRead MoreProbation And Parole Is An Important Part Of Our Society1064 Words   |  5 Pagesindicated in 2012, approximately 1 in every 35 adults in the United States was on probation or parole or incarcerated in prison or jail. Probation and parole are an important part of our society and most pe ople know at least one person who is either on probation or parole. There are drastic differences between probation and parole. Probation refers to offenders who are on supervision through a probation agency. Probation is ruled by the courts and is generally given as a sentence instead of incarcerationRead MoreRehabilitation Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesParole and probation are what gives inmates in today’s prison system the drive to want to better them. This paper will break down rehabilitation in prison and the origin of where it came from. Also we will discuss how parole differs from mandatory release and how probation differs from other forms of sentencing. We will also discuss community corrections and what it means and furthermore, we will critique the current rehabilitation options and if there are better options or solutions that may beRead MorePrison Overcrowding Is A Serious Problem1448 Words   |  6 PagesPrison overcrowding is a result of the imprisonment of drug users and first time offenders of non-violent crimes. The number of people being incarcerated greatly outweighs the n umber of prisons across the country. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem because it can be dangerous to both prisoners and correction officers. When prisoners are forced to live in crowded situations, the possibility of violence is greater (Oliver 44). Issues such as assaults and rapes can occur when there is notRead MoreCriminals Should Be Rehabilitated Not Punished1039 Words   |  5 PagesCriminals should be rehabilitated not punished. Punishment doesn’t help the prisoner at all, it only teaches them that they shouldn’t get caught next time. This forces them to get more creative at the crime they commit. Whereas, rehabilitation is about preparing a person for a productive life after prison. Prisoners get the option to further their education, learn a trade, and even seek help for an addiction they might have. Rehabilitation is more cost effective, and better at lowering the rate ofRead More Models of Corrections Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay pr ovides answers to the following prompts: 1. What is the community model of corrections? 2. What is the crime control model of corrections? 3. What are the differences between prisons and jails? 4. What is your opinion about the constitutional rights of prisoners? 1. What is the community model of corrections? This model of corrections main purpose was to reintroducing the offenders in to the community. This Program was invented to help offenders in the transition fromRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Prison System1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe Failure of the American Prison System Whenever you imagine prison, you think up ideas and violent images that you have seen in the movies or on TV.    Outdated clichà ©s consisting of men eating stale bread and drinking dirty water are only a small fraction of the number of horrible, yet â€Å"just† occurrences which are stereotypical of everyday life in prison.    Perhaps it could be a combination of your upbringing, horrific ideas about the punishment which our nation inflicts on those who violateRead MoreAcc 573 Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagessociety from engaging in similar criminal activity * Rehabilitation of a prisoner refers to preparing him or her for a productive life upon release from prison. Can they be reconciled? I think that some of the penal systems cannot be merged such as retribution however; other penal systems may work together. Incapacitation and rehabilitation can be combined. Incarcerated prisoners can be rehabilitated in prison before they leave. It only may work in certain cases with low crime offendersRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex Is The Economic Interrelation Between Private Prisons And Various Public1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe prison-industrial complex is the economic interrelation between private prisons and various public and private job sectors that have become dependent on the expansion of the private prison system. A partial list of these sectors includes construction, pharmaceuticals, and law enforcement, including probation and parole. The prison-industrial complex also runs a cheap inmate labor force for various corporations. Approximately 2,266,800 adults are currently imprisoned in America. In addition toRead MorePrison Systems Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesPrison Systems Comparison Essay Alexa Werstiuk CJA/234 Introduction State Prison History The state prisons today were founded on the basis of the 1700s to 1800’s during the Age of Enlightenment. The English correctional facility referred to as a â€Å"gaol,† commonly known as a jail. They housed men, women, children, the mentally ill along with the civil and criminals. The individuals suffered from idleness, diseases, despair and malnutrition. The gaols were maintained by local authorities

Russian History Questions Free Essays

Name _________________________________ Date __________ Period ___________ Researching Russia Directions: Using the reference materials (including but not limited to the Internet, almanacs, atlases, encyclopedias, and books), research the answers to the following questions. The Internet is a useful source but you should make use of other resources should it not be available! 1. On November 1, 1993, the parliament of the Russian Republic of the USSR granted Russian President ______________________ broad power to begin radical economic reforms. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian History Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. In 1991, the population of Russia was estimated at ________________________. 3. In the ninth century, Scandinavian chieftains established the first Russian state, centering it on ___________________ and Kiev. 4. When did Lenin die? _____________ How did he die? _____________________ 5. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad lasted from June 1941 until January ___________. 6. When did Stalin die? ________ How old was he? _______ 7. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, massive Soviet military aid to __________________ helped assure communist victories throughout Southeast Asia. 8. Russia comprises over ________% of the total area of the former USSR and has ____________________ square miles, making it the largest country in the world. 9. What is the current life expectancy for Russian males? 10. The Russian monetary unit is the _________________. 11. The breed of cat known as the Russian blue is distinguished for its vivid ___________ colored eyes and the _____________ quality of its blue-gray coat. 12. Who is the author of War and Peace? 13. Who is the author of The Brothers Karamazov? 14. Which Russian author was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for Doctor Zhivago but declined the prize? 5. Leningrad’s St. Isaac’s Cathedral on Decembrists’ Square was designed by French architect ______________________ and built between 1819 and 1858. 16. The _______________, or Russian wolfhound, was first imported into the United States in 1889. 17. In 1854, British poet Alfred Lord Tennyson made Balaklava famous in his poem _______________________ ________. 18. On January 22, 1904, George Melitonovich Balanchivadze was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. He gained a reputation for the foremost representative of neoclassicism ballet. His professional name was __________________________. 9. Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is best known for what experiment? ____________________________________________________________ _________ 20. In 1910, Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova made her American debut with Russian dancer ______________________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. 21. Which Russian chemist compiled the ‘periodic table of elements? ’ ______________________________________ 22. On what date was the Russian Sputnik I put into orbit? ______________________ 23. On what date was the Russian Sputnik II put into orbit? ______________________ 24. September 17, 1957, was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Russian rocket pioneer Konstantin E. _________________________. 25. On January 2, 1959, unmanned interplanetary flight was proved feasible when the Soviet Union’s Mechta entered into orbit around the sun. 26. The Volga River is ________ miles, or ________ kilometers long. 27. What was the name of the imperial family that ruled Russia from 1613 until 1917? _______________________________ 28. The age of romanticism in Russian literature is from the late _________ until the early 1840s. 29. Who wrote The Twelve (1918)? __________________ 0. During World War II, the Soviet Union and Finland fought each other in two wars. The ‘Winter War’ was from 1939 to __________________. The ‘Continuation War’ was from 1941 until ______________. Who lost both wars? 31. When did the Russo-Japanese War begin? ____________ 32. When did the Russo-Japanese War end? ___________ 33. Catherine the Great (1729-96) ru led Russia for _________ years. 34. In what year did construction of St. Basil’s Cathedral begin? 35. The breed of dog known as the borzoi originated in Russia in the 1600s. Its average weight is __________ to ___________ pounds. 36. When World War I broke out, Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky settled in what country? _______________________ 37. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Tula to Moscow? __________ 38. The island Great Lyakhov is in the _____________ Sea. 39. Who wrote Boris? _____________________________ 40. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad during World War II caused ____________ deaths. 41. Russia is ____________ times the size of the United States but has a population of less than _______% percent of the people in the United States as of 2000. 42. What is the per capita Russian income? _____________________ 43. What is the life expectancy for Russian females? _____________ 44. In 1967, the Soviet government produced a film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace in commemoration of 50th anniversary of the Revolution. The Russian language version of the film ____ hours and _____. 45. ____________________ delivers gifts to Russian children on New Year’ s Eve. 46. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Moscow to St. Petersburg? __________________________ 47. The ________________ Mountains form a dividing line between Asia and Europe. 48. The _____________________ Strait separates Russia and Alaska. 49. Tsar Nicholas II was married to the granddaughter of Queen _____________ of England. 50. Name the son of Tsar Nicholas who suffered from hemophilia. _______________ 51. Twenty-three of the _________________ volcanoes on Kamchatka Peninsula are active. 52. The Caucasus Mountains are composed of limestone and ______________ rocks with some volcanic formations. 53. The Caspian Sea has a surface area of about ________________ square miles. 54. In December, Moscow averages _______________ days with overcast skies. 5. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is located on ______________ Prospect, a famous thoroughfare in Leningrad. 56. In the late 1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 57. In the mid-1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 58. The State _______________ Museum in Leningrad is considered to be one of the world’s great museums. 59. Valent ina V. ___________ was the first woman to orbit the earth. 60. The ___________________ Railroad runs north of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. 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Hypochondriasis Essay Example For Students

Hypochondriasis Essay Hypochondriasis is a mental illness wherein an individual is preoccupied with the fear of having or the idea of having a serious disease. It involves the misunderstanding of bodily symptoms. The sensations of most hypochondriacs are intense and disturbing, leading to incorrectly connecting the symptoms to a serious disease. It said that hypochondria is caused by a patients excessive worrying with having or developing a disease. Often these patients seek medical attention, but a doctors reassurance does not help the situation. Hypochondriacs will still think they are sick no matter what the do. Generally, patients who suffer from hypochondriasis also suffer from anxiety. There are many effective treatments for hypochondriacs such as drugs, support groups and therapy. This paper will discuss the diagnosis, cause and effect of the hypochondriasis. Hypochondria is an unsupported belief or anxiety over having a serious disease that is based on personal interpretations of bodily symptoms. The patient usually misinterprets bodily sensations. Anxiety and persistent reports of symptoms involving any body part is a good indicator the patient might suffer from a somatization disease or hypochondriasis. A patients symptoms might change from each visit, but the persons belief that a serious condition exists does not. The patients symptom complaints may shift from being very specific to very vague. Sometimes they might think that they have a form of cancer and other times that might just have a stomachache. Hypochondriacs have an extensive medical history. They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctors reassurance has no merit for the patient. A patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for less than six months, are classified as having a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondr iac. There are many causes for a patient to be a hypochondriac. When a hypochondria learns of a new disease and its symptoms, he/she excessively worries that they have or developing the disease. Attention can intensify a bodily sensation. By watching medical shows, a person can connect bodily sensations felt with a disease described on the show. The misinterpretation of the bodily sensations is what causes a patient to be a hypochondriac. Hypochondriasis might also be caused by anger deep within a person. Rather than letting their anger out towards people, a person turns their anger into physical symptoms. The life of a hypochondriac is usually unhappy and depressive. A hypochondriac will fell hopeless and have a lack of interest in life. Lastly, hypochondria can be triggered by a previous illness experienced or by a relatives sickness. Someone who was treated with cancer might be more preoccupied with bodily sensations and will connect them to a disease. Hypochondriacs have a fear. They fear that they will be struck with an illness. There are many causes why a person becomes a hypochondriac and most being psychological. Many treatments are being discovered to cure hypochondriacs. Since often hypochondriasis is associated with anxiety, a cognitive-behavioral model was created to show the development of the illness and show how to treat it. In this treatment, patients are taught how to identify and correct their misinterpretations of bodily sensations. Once the patient has identified the sensation felt, he or she must then construct a more realistic interpretation and modify their assumptions. Each patient was educated concerning the meaning of sensations. Another way to treat hypochondriasis is that of attention. Rather than the patient focus on bodily sensations, diverting their attention to pleasant memories or events may help them overcome the illness. A study conducted attempted to prove that distraction significantly reduced any levels of discomfort. The outcome of the study showed that distraction did not change a patients pain intensity. Although distraction was unsuccessful, a correlation between distraction and temperature was noticed. At temperatures of 46C or less, patients experienced lower levels of pain intensity. Any temperature above 46C, the patients showed higher levels of pain. Since many hypochondriacs are constantly fixed to pain perception, diverting their attention is almost impossible. Hypochondriasis can be treated using two other methods, psychodynamic and psychopharmacological. Psychodynamic treatment occurs when a patient wants to transform himself or herself. The psychodynamic perspective views hypochondriasis because of a childhood injury, whether it being an early trauma or negative parenting. In order to treat the traumatic patient, the psychodynamic method relies on verbal and non-verbal communication between the patient and therapist. From communication, a therapist tries to uncover hidden conflicts that lie within the patient. According to therapists, for the treatment to be effective, it is recommended that the patient be met with 1-3 times a week for five years. The other method is the psychopharmacological. Prozac is a drug that is also known as selective serotonin reuptake blockers. Prozac is often prescribed to depressed and OCD patients. Now the drug is being used to treat hypochondriacs, alcoholism, anxiety a study headed by Dr. Brian Fallon at Columbia University tested the effect of Prozac on hypochondrial patients. His study concluded that 70% of the patients who took daily doses of Prozac showed improvements after 12 weeks and some were completely free of the illness.