Deviance In Society Essay -- essays research papers

What is saying, â€Å"deviance is socially defined?†      Deviance is characterized as, â€Å"The perceived infringement of social norms.† Deviance is a demonstration of defiance to set of rules, and expected conduct built up by a specific culture. Abnormality is characterized from numerous points of view. It is relied upon the standards of the general public, and area. People become degenerate when individuals name their activities as abnormality. It relies upon how that specific culture characterizes abnormality on people. The foundation of rules, and disrupting norms in the public eye is controlled by solid social forces. This occasion prompts social disparity in the public arena. â€Å"The Saints and the roughnecks†, are a guide to naming people as freaks, and it shows how social force causes imbalance. Aberrance shows up in all preferences of society. Aberrance has numerous implications to unconformity on a social standard. It relies upon that the condition of society, and its locale. Prostitution is a calling that has existed since the start of society. Prostitution is seen as an unpleasant method of bringing in cash. The United States bans this calling, since it debases females. However it is lawful, and acknowledged in the city of Las Vegas, Nevada. Occupants in Nevada see prostitution, as some other activity.      Individuals become degenerates when society chooses to call the demonstrations abnormality. It is a naming procedure put on the individual. A case of freak conduct would be the youngster youth wearing ba...

Compare And Contrast Seamus Heaneys Poems Digging And Follower Essay Example For Students

Thoroughly analyze Seamus Heaneys Poems Digging And Follower Essay Seamus Heaneys sonnets, Digging and Follower depict to us the solid connection between the dad and child, as Heaney will in general admire the older folks in his family. The two sonnets make that peaceful kind of air with the title, Digging recommending to us diving into the past. Adherent then again gives us the picture of the childs perspective on cultivating of impersonating his dads activities. The sonnets recommend the flawlessness of Heaneys father at difficult work, acquainting somebody for Heaney with gaze upward to and respect. The sonnet Follower outlines to us the quality and aptitude, which is handled in Heaneys father. The sonnet Digging proposes to us the incredible measure of colossal aptitude expected to ace working in the fields of the open country. Both Digging and Follower disclose to us stories, which are comparable and distinctive from numerous points of view. This sonnet Digging is very like Follower as it shows how youthful Heaney admired his older folks yet in this sonnet he gazes upward to the two his dad and granddad. Heaney considers his to be as now old, stressing to burrow flowerbeds. The artist reviews to himself of his dad burrowing potato penetrates and considerably prior his granddad burrowing peat. Heaney realizes he cannot coordinate men like them with a spade, realizing the pen is mightier for him, and he will dive into the past with it. Heaney additionally shows the expertise and qualification required in difficult work. The artist additionally represents to us their feeling of work, as the dad despite everything dives in mature age, and the granddad, when working, would scarcely stop to drink. In the sonnet Follower it shows the aptitude engaged with nation life including being a specialist, without breaking. This gives us what a cultivated rancher Heaneys father is. It additionally shows us the nation life, by outlining how much ability goes into an apparently normal errand, for example, furrowing a field. The grass turned over without breaking doesnt just outline the expertise in the nation however the magnificence also. The possibility of newly furrowed soil, adds to the perusers perspective on the field as a delightful spot thus nation life is additionally depicted as something upbeat. Delving and Follower vary in their structures as Digging comprises of an a lot looser structure than Follower. The principal refrain comprises of two lines, the subsequent verse comprises of three lines and the third refrain comprises of four lines. So the lengths of the verses in Digging differ a lot contrasted with the Follower. There is rhyme present in the two sonnets yet it is more successive and amazing in Follower than Digging. Heres the rhyme in Digging, flowerbeds/away/drills/burrowing, and heres in Follower, round/eye/ground/precisely. In Digging, the initial two refrains have ground-breaking rhyme yet for the remainder of the sonnet it essentially vanishes. A portion of the rhyme words utilized are, sound/ground/down, recommending solid rhyme. For the most part the rhyme conspire utilized in Follower is ABAB meaning the primary line rhymes with the third. In Digging the rhyme plot initially is AA BBB, yet then the rhyme sort of ceases to exist since not all the sonnet rhymes. Both Follower and Digging will in general utilize a greater amount of half rhyme as opposed to full rhyme, which doesnt make it rudely self-evident. The rhyme in the two sonnets will in general give us a feeling of mood to the sonnet. As it were it likewise stresses the rhyme words bringing to us the association between the rhyme words. Heaney utilizes more rhyme in Follower than in Digging since it gives a characteristic inclination to the sonnet and furthermore helps in underscoring the dads expertise. In Digging there are some pushed and unstressed syllable words. A portion of the focused on words are, Between finger thumb/squat pen rests cozy firearm. The words that are unstressed in that verse are, my and my/the as a. In Follower a portion of the focused on syllables are, shoulders globed full sail hung, and a portion of the unstressed ones are, His like a. There are an assortment of recognizable lovely strategies utilized by Heaney in Digging and Follower. Task Poetry EssayIn the two sonnets it is likewise demonstrated the disappointments of the child not satisfying his dads models, not proceeding with the family root, similar to elderly person could deal with a spade/like his father. This proposes his granddad and father burrowed, which has become like a family custom, which is an analogy as it is his familys in contact with the land. In Follower also the child neglected to follow the dads model, as stated, all I could possibly do was follow/annoyance, stumbling. There is likewise a job inversion in Follower towards the end, when it isnt Heaney giving his dad down however is access certainty his dad, my dad continues faltering/won't leave. That kind of job inversion, where the dad is developing old doesnt occur in Digging having it an effect between the two sonnets. One of the contrasts among Digging and Follower is the way that Follower utilizes a great deal of metaphorical language like, globed. In the two sonnets the child shows a great deal of yearning in the two sonnets, for instance, I could possibly do was follow/in his expansive shadow round the ranch, and in Digging, disperse new potatoes e picked/adoring cool hardness in our grasp. These models from the two sonnets reveal to us that he showed trust towards following his dads life, however they essentially couldnt do it any longer. They asserted that they didnt have the kind of ability their folks or granddad accomplished for this specific sort of work. In Follower you would discover two word sentences where as in Digging there none in sight. A specialist, is the little expression utilized Heaney which stands apart due to being in the start of the subsequent refrain and just being just two words. The period after the two short words makes them stand apart as something rather significant. That two word sentence resembles a caption gives us a trace of what the verse is probably going to be about. This single word sentence proposes to us that it is essentially a reality Heaney grew up with and this thought of aptitude causes it to appear to be significant. In the last sentence of the sonnet it starts with But, which should just ever be utilized in a sentence. The utilization of this word recommends to us how huge Heaney sees this word to be, giving us how large the change has been, between the time he let his dad down and when his dad let him down. In Follower there is a respite between the single fearlessness and the clarification of what is being culled. That causes us at the possibility that such a little development could have such an emotional impact a solitary fearlessness/of reins, the perspiring group pivoted/and over into the land. His eye at a finish of a line encourages us feel the force and intensity of the look being depicted. Adherent comprises of six verses each comprising of around four lines. Then again Digging comprises of nine verses of each containing various quantities of lines. Adherent for instance with a steady number of lines keeps the sonnet streaming and helps the musicality of the sonnet. Burrowing then again doesnt has a particular design which upsets the progression of the sonnet marginally, and it likewise makes it somewhat harder to peruse too. I can arrive at the resolution that the two sonnets obviously show a lot of similitudes and contrasts, and both elegantly composed pieces give us a solid feeling of the peaceful side of the world. Not to overlook it shows us the emphatically connected connection between the dad and the child and they way the child admires his dad as a good example.

Cardiologist Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Cardiologist Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips So, you have graduated from medical school, after four years of studies. You took three years of general internal medicine training. You have also had specialized training in cardiology that lasted for at least three years.All in all, you have spent more than ten years of your life becoming a specialist and you are ready to look for a stable and permanent job in the field.The first thing you need to do before sending out your applications to all the hospitals and medical centers where you would like to work is getting down to writing a resume that will show that you are a great candidate for the job.Follow our lead throughout the following text and use our resume builder for an easier filling in of the needed pieces of information and you will be able to land your dream job in no time.Before we dive into the individual guides for each section of your resume, we would like you to take a look at two examples of good cardiologist resumes that will give you the idea of what one should lo ok like.We are sure that after taking a look at those, you will feel more confident about completing this seemingly difficult task.Cardiovascular Sonography Specialist Resume Example Right Cardiologist Resume Example Right Create your own resumeWHAT INFORMATION IS NEEDED IN THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION OF A GREAT CARDIOLOGIST RESUME IN 2020?When you start thinking about which pieces of information you will include in the Personal Info Section of your Cardiologist resume, think about what is necessary and not redundant.You only need as much data as is shown in the examples above, so that could be your lead.Also, you really do not want to write faulty information, to miss out on a letter or a number, or to spell something wrong. You should pay special attention to that.Nonetheless, let us go through it all.The first thing you will write is your name. You will surely not make mistakes there!However, we would like to point one thing out here: make sure that you write your full name, not your nickname.Patricia Maxwell RightPatty Maxwell WrongAlso, you should make sure that your name matches the names on your diplomas, certificates, social media profiles, and any places where the hiring manager may find you. The position of your name should be in a visible place. You can put it in italic, or even better, in bold and slightly bigger than the rest of the text. But only ever so slightly, you should not exaggerate.A photo is not obligatory in your resume. In some countries, it is usually included, in others it is not.If you pose this question, the traditional, or rather most expected, the answer would be NO.Why is that?Well, the answer is quite simple.As nowadays the general tendency is to avoid discrimination, conscious and otherwise, removing a photo from a resume seems the logical thing to do.If you include it, there may be some possibility of unconscious discrimination against you in the mind of the hiring manager. However, on the other hand, it may show you as a professional person who is serious in their job search.All in all, it is totally up to you whether you will insert a photo in your cardiologists resume or not.Next on the list are your home address and phone number. Well, they are certainly what your potential employer should know.Where you live may be of interest to the hospital or medical center where you might work.You may need to be paid for your daily commute. Maybe the center will provide you with an apartment in the place of work, or offer you a job in a center that is close to your home.A phone number is what you must write and make sure that all the numbers are there correctly. Phone conversations are the easiest way for the potential employer to contact you and arrange an interview. This is why you should pay much attention to this part of your resume.Your email address is as important as your phone number, as the hiring manager may contact you via this means. Similar to writing your name, you should make sure not to use an old email address with a nickname or an alias.The best practice is having an email with your name. If you do not have one like this, you are strongly advised to make it prior to sending out your cardiologist resume.patriciama xwell@gmail.com Rightpattyironheart@gmail.com WrongAll the pieces of advice apply to the social media links you decide to include here: correct information, your name without nicknames.Even if you do not write the links to some social media profiles you have, pay attention to making them presentable as well, since it is not very hard to find anyone on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and others.Just have in mind that you are applying for a very serious job post. If you get the job, you will have people’s lives in your hands, so everyone who can possibly be connected with you work-wise should see that you are a serious and professional individual.HOW TO WRITE A PERFECT SUMMARY FOR A CARDIOLOGIST RESUME?The summary is the part of a resume that contains only several sentences and has the purpose of presenting the candidate in a short form.Bearing this in mind, you can conclude that this is a part that should probably receive the most attention and careful thinking.The hiring manager w ho is looking over your application will use the summary to decide whether your resume is worth being read further or not.In order to make the summary the best possible, you should write it at the very end of completing your resume.In this way, you will be able to take an overall look at all the qualifications and accomplishments that you have with regard to the job you are applying for. With this view, you will be able to choose the things that show you in the best possible way and include them in the summary.When writing the Summary Section of your cardiologist resume, you should think not only about what you have achieved but also about the job you are applying for.Match some of the keywords from the job description with the ones you use to present yourself in this section.Now, let us take a look at what pieces of information are to be included here.Start off with your professional title and the years of experience in the field of medicine or cardiology.If you have any certificat ion that is directly connected with your desired job, add it here.Add one or two of your greatest accomplishments that display your capabilities of getting a good job done as a specialist in cardiology.You can finish with any expert knowledge that you may have.Take a look at a good and bad practice when writing the summary section:SummaryProfessional Cardiovascular Sonography specialist experienced in performing echocardiograms and providing non-invasive tests on patients. Maintained the equipment and supervised the spending of supplies, resulting in saving on supply costs by 20%. In the near future, intending to obtain the Registered Diagnostic Cardiac Sonographer (RDCS) Certification with the Pediatric Echocardiography (PE) Specialty. RightSummaryCardiovascular Sonography specialist with 5 years of experience in a cardiology department. WrongTHE BEST WAY TO PRESENT YOUR WORK EXPERIENCE IN A CARDIOLOGIST RESUMEThis part might seem hard to write, but we assure you that it is not!T he format is simple and the only thing you need to really think about are the exact responsibilities and accomplishments you had while you were working there.Even if you do not have much experience, as a medical student you must have had some volunteer work, practice, or internship â€" you can freely add those to the experience section.Despite what (or whether) you were paid for the work, you have certainly worked and learned from that experience!Remember to use the reverse chronological order, which means that you should list the latest experience first, and go back in time, with the oldest experience listed last.Let us take a look at the technicalities regarding the precise details that need to be included.Start with the years when you started and ended working for the company in question.Next, write the name of the company and its location. Just the town/city is enough, you do not need to write the exact address.What follows is your position there.This is the most important part â€" your accomplishments and responsibilities there. You should write those in the form of a bullet list, as it is easy to read and catches the eyes of the reader. Actually, it would be best if you managed to showcase the duties and responsibilities in the form of what you accomplished in those areas. Add numbers if you can: they are easy to remember and to be used for comparison with other candidates.There are some things to avoid here, and they might be somewhat tricky as they are opposed to each other.You should avoid listing experience that is not related to your desired job and leaving big gaps in your employment history as that can make you seem like a bad worker.There is a small trick if you encounter both in your work experience: write shortly about what you have done between two relevant jobs. Do not let those jobs catch too much attention.Also, use them to list the skills that are as connected with your desired job as possible.Hopefully, you have gained some useful knowled ge doing them that can be used in your future company. Right WrongTHE EDUCATION SECTION THAT WILL SHOWCASE YOU AS THE BEST QUALIFIED CANDIDATE FOR THE JOB OF A CARDIOLOGISTWriting the education section has many similarities with writing the experience section.Of course, the hiring managers would most probably value the practical experience more, so if you have a lot of experience, this part would have less importance in your resume and should take up less space.This certainly does not mean that you should omit it altogether.On the other hand, if you do not have much work experience in the field of cardiology and medical education is your trump card, you should step up your game here and present all the benefits you have taken from the schools you have attended.The technicalities are the same â€" reverse chronological order, because the highest school is the most important. The order of information for one school is years of attending, the name of the institution, the degree obtained.If you want to emphasize some medicine-related accomplishme nts or a high GPA, use bullet points.However, avoid this if you do not have something really good to show â€" average grades or achievements will not produce the wanted impressive effect.WRITING THE SKILLS SECTION TO MAKE THE HIRING MANAGER WANT TO EMPLOY YOU AS A CARDIOLOGIST IN 2020If you have in mind that the number of people who suffer from heart-related diseases, you can conclude that the competition for a job as a cardiologist can be tough.This is the reason why you should display your best medical skills and show that you are the right candidate for the job of your dreams.The most important thing to remember here is to take a close look at the job description and to match your skills section (as well as other parts of your resume, certainly) with the requirements for the job.For example, even though you have great computer skills, this may not be of significance to the job of a cardiologist.Therefore, you do not need to include this skill in your resume and should leave that place for a skill that is directly related to what is written in the ad.The bullet format is the best choice here â€" do not write full sentences because it is very possible that the hiring manager will not read them.Bear in mind that there are two separate sets of skills, both of which should be included in this section. They are soft and hard skills.You do not need to separate them visually, but it is strongly advisable that you choose skills from both groups and incorporate them in your cardiologist resume.Soft skills are those related to any job whatsoever â€" communication, teamwork, problem-solving, leadership skills, and the like.On the other hand, hard skills are the technical and expert skills and knowledge which are specific to each field of work.In the case of a cardiologist, some of these include knowledge of internal medicine and cardiology, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular issues, and many others.TIPS AND TRICKS FOR MAKING A CARDIOLOGIST RESUME LOOK ATTRACTIVE Adjust the visual presentation of your resume. If it looks messy, you will seem as unprofessional to the person who is reading your resume and will probably not be called to the interview. This includes an easily readable font, bullet lists for observing important information, and general good organization of the whole text of your cardiologist resume.Tell the truth. Avoid lying in your resume, as it can be revealed and your reputation (which is yet to be built) will be ruined at the sole beginning.Do not use the same resume for every job application. You should adjust it to each job description and requirements.Stay concise. Do not write sentences that are too long, nor reveal too much personal information, as this is really unnecessary. While you write your resume, imagine yourself as a hiring manager and think about what may be important for this person to read given the aim of hiring the most qualified cardiologist.Avoid contractions and short word forms â€" this is not professi onal.Proofread several times before you sent it. Make sure that you have corrected any spelling mistakes that may have occurred and that all the data (phone number, email address, etc) are written correctly.You can also give your resume to a person whom you trust and ask them to review it for you. They may think of a better way to formulate something or notice some details that can be written in a better way.If you do not want to be bothered with the technical side of making a resume â€" the font, the spacing, etc, use a template. We have a great resume template that can help you take your mind off these technicalities and let you focus solely on the content of your cardiologist resume.CONCLUSIONSo, we have come to the end of our little guide for writing a great cardiologist resume. We hope that it is now clear how you should write it and present yourself in the best way possible.Before you dive into writing your own cardiologist resume, let us take one last look at three things tha t you should not forget in the process: be relevant, be concise, do not lie.We hope that you have learnt much from this guide and wish you the best of luck in landing the cardiologist job of your dreams! Create your own resume

Racial Discrimination - 807 Words

Minorities have been subject to racial discrimination for decades. In the United States, racial prejudice in the criminal justice system has had a profound effect on the lives of African-Americans and Hispanics. From policing to trial to sentencing, racism against minorities occurs throughout the entire process in the criminal justice system. This research paper will outline some of the aspects and evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. Keywords: criminal justice, discrimination, profiling, sentencing Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Minorities, particularly African-Americans and Hispanics, are targeted and punished in a more aggressive way than white people in the United States criminal†¦show more content†¦These statistics does not exclude young drivers from age 16 and older. Of the 8.7% of them that were stopped in 2002, 39% were Blacks and Latinos. All of which were physically searched or their vehicles were searched (Banks, 2017). Trials. After people of color are arrested, the question then is whether or not they can afford an attorney. The lower income minorities will be at a disadvantage due to limited resources. They would have to rely on a public defendant who may or may not take the time to properly prepare for their case. Also, if they do not own a phone then they will not be released because they would need to be able to be reached (Mauer, 2010). The wait time for a trial to take place, if they ever have one because they are rare, is usually longer for African Americans than whites. A 1995 review of disparities in processing felony arrests show that more often than not blacks are detained longer than whites while waiting for felony trials (Quigley, 2011). Jury selection is another aspect of trials that African Americans are discriminated against. They are usually not chosen for criminal court cases. In Houston County, Alabama, Blacks are more likely to be removed from the qualified jury list than whites are for death penalty cases (Quigley, 2011). Further research has shown that from 1980 through 1986 that in preparation of fifteen capital murder trials prosecutors excluded 90% of AfricanShow MoreRelatedOvert Racial Discrimination and Institutional Racial Discrimination635 Words   |  3 PagesPrior to the 1960s, discrimination was viewed as a creature of prejudice (Feagin Feagin, 1988). What this means is that the problem of discrimination was viewed as one motivated primarily by individuals (or groups of individuals) on the basis of prejudice or hatred. Implicit in this prejudice-causes-discrimination-model (Feagin Feagin, p. XX) was the assumption that the solution to discrimination was one of simply eliminating prejudice. Thus , the elimination of prejudicial behavior wouldRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, descent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). Racial discrimination can be perpetrated by individuals within society, and corporate institutions such as schools, the work force and the government, all of which we have seenRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination1637 Words   |  7 Pagesreferencing the topic of racism and racial discrimination in today’s society, one of the biggest questions that still remain unanswered is as such: Why does racial discrimination still exist? What factors take place within the human mind that might cause feelings of hatred and bigotry? What can result from an individual using racially discriminating language? From times predating even the most notable case of as much, pre-Civil War United States American slavery, discrimination has existed in many differentRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Racial Profiling1524 Words   |  7 Pages In our society today, racial discrimination and inequality continues to be an issue. Regardless of the advancements we make in our society in terms of race, discrimination is something that can not simply be erased. The conflict with discrimination is evident when we look at the issue of racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the treatment of an individual based on their race or ethnicity (Statistics of Racial Profiling 1). It is often a tool being used by law enforcement when deciding toRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination859 Words   |  4 Pageshundred percent accurate. A racial comment would be that African Americans are dangerous coming from the fact that there are more African American in prison that any other demographic. In today’s America, racism is practiced in every sort of way from subtle, aversive, to even â€Å"reverse† racism and, many more. the most common way to racially discriminate against a group is through visual processing, ho wever, what causes this to be the most common mean of discrimination, could it be that this is howRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Gender Discrimination962 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly being seen, especially on social media. It s a single word which people are using instead of the longer phrases disability discrimination or disability prejudice. Racial discrimination and gender discrimination have their own single words - racism and sexism - and so those ideas can be expressed a little more easily. Disability discrimination is often complicated and misunderstood. At one end of the scale, buildings with steps instead of ramps may be said to be ableist. Less obviousRead MoreRacial Oppression And Racial Discrimination997 Words   |  4 PagesHuman begins since the beginning of time have understood the concept of racial solidarity but yet decides to ignore it. Racial oppression is a direct consequence of a superior race. Racial oppression is the act of power that causes the sta te of being to feel heavily exploited. There are two types of racial oppression that are not commonly well known of, institutionalized and internalized. Institutionalized oppression is expressed when a group of people based on their race has a different chance ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Discrimination And Racial Discrimination1532 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination made its way to planet earth way before it could be documented. Racial discrimination happens all over the world both consciously and unconsciously, destroying lives every day. Racial discrimination can best be described as, when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. There are many forms of racial discrimination even if we don’t want to face it. Among the mostRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Effects On American Culture970 Words   |  4 PagesIf there is one thing I have noticed dur ing my, admittedly, short sixteen years, it is the racial discrimination and obvious bigotry of the those who are not white. Stereotypes and detrimental comments are slung every which way. Others, rely on subtle jabs while some are oblivious to the offense of the people they are around. It seems to me, that people do not seem to care. I have listened to countless conversations where people would nonchalantly insult their own culture and heritage as if theyRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of racial discrimination in the labor market. Understanding racial discrimination in the labor market is of critical importance because of the sever wage differentials between different races in the market. Most of the economic research on racial discrimination focuses on black and white males. Hence this paper will also be focusing on wage and employment differentials between black and white males. I will start by discussing

Probation Prison and Federal Prisoners Returning - 817 Words

Emily Arochi Probation CJS/230 May 8, 2011 Probation is a type of sentence for criminal defendants. Probation allows a convicted defendant to go free with a suspended sentence for a specified duration during good behavior. Probationers are placed under the supervision of a probation officer and must fulfill certain conditions. If the probationer violates a condition of probation, the court may place additional restrictions on the probationer or order the probationer to serve a term of imprisonment. Probation is normally for offenders sentenced to short terms in jail: it is not combined with a long prison sentence. legal dictionary) Unsupervised, supervised, and intensive are the three types of probation. Intensive probationers are†¦show more content†¦All of this information is significant because it keeps a close eye on how many prisoners are released on probation and what percent of these prisoners did not follow through with it. According to the information from BJS it shows that probation effectiveness has its good times and its bad times. I think that probation is an effective form of community corrections as it can be. There is never a 100% effective way of stopping people from committing crime. If someone commits a crime even knowing the consequences, chances are they will do it again with or without probation. I think the government needs to focus on why people are committing crime and try to prevent crime before it happens. I also think that maybe there needs to be longer probation periods and harsher ones for repeat offenders. I also think that probation should be for less serious crimes and maybe for misdemeanors and not felonies. References http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/probation retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/sfprc.pdf retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tpamp;tid=15 retrieved on May 8, 2011 http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailamp;iid=1138 retrieved on May 8, 2011 Corrections: The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education,Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pagesterm IPS, also known as intensive probation supervision, is defined by the Criminal Justice Today textbook as a form of probation supervision involving frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer (Schmalleger 399). This type of probation has been described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensiveRead MoreProbation And Parole Is An Important Part Of Our Society1064 Words   |  5 Pagesindicated in 2012, approximately 1 in every 35 adults in the United States was on probation or parole or incarcerated in prison or jail. Probation and parole are an important part of our society and most pe ople know at least one person who is either on probation or parole. There are drastic differences between probation and parole. Probation refers to offenders who are on supervision through a probation agency. Probation is ruled by the courts and is generally given as a sentence instead of incarcerationRead MoreRehabilitation Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesParole and probation are what gives inmates in today’s prison system the drive to want to better them. This paper will break down rehabilitation in prison and the origin of where it came from. Also we will discuss how parole differs from mandatory release and how probation differs from other forms of sentencing. We will also discuss community corrections and what it means and furthermore, we will critique the current rehabilitation options and if there are better options or solutions that may beRead MorePrison Overcrowding Is A Serious Problem1448 Words   |  6 PagesPrison overcrowding is a result of the imprisonment of drug users and first time offenders of non-violent crimes. The number of people being incarcerated greatly outweighs the n umber of prisons across the country. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem because it can be dangerous to both prisoners and correction officers. When prisoners are forced to live in crowded situations, the possibility of violence is greater (Oliver 44). Issues such as assaults and rapes can occur when there is notRead MoreCriminals Should Be Rehabilitated Not Punished1039 Words   |  5 PagesCriminals should be rehabilitated not punished. Punishment doesn’t help the prisoner at all, it only teaches them that they shouldn’t get caught next time. This forces them to get more creative at the crime they commit. Whereas, rehabilitation is about preparing a person for a productive life after prison. Prisoners get the option to further their education, learn a trade, and even seek help for an addiction they might have. Rehabilitation is more cost effective, and better at lowering the rate ofRead More Models of Corrections Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay pr ovides answers to the following prompts: 1. What is the community model of corrections? 2. What is the crime control model of corrections? 3. What are the differences between prisons and jails? 4. What is your opinion about the constitutional rights of prisoners? 1. What is the community model of corrections? This model of corrections main purpose was to reintroducing the offenders in to the community. This Program was invented to help offenders in the transition fromRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Prison System1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe Failure of the American Prison System Whenever you imagine prison, you think up ideas and violent images that you have seen in the movies or on TV.    Outdated clichà ©s consisting of men eating stale bread and drinking dirty water are only a small fraction of the number of horrible, yet â€Å"just† occurrences which are stereotypical of everyday life in prison.    Perhaps it could be a combination of your upbringing, horrific ideas about the punishment which our nation inflicts on those who violateRead MoreAcc 573 Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagessociety from engaging in similar criminal activity * Rehabilitation of a prisoner refers to preparing him or her for a productive life upon release from prison. Can they be reconciled? I think that some of the penal systems cannot be merged such as retribution however; other penal systems may work together. Incapacitation and rehabilitation can be combined. Incarcerated prisoners can be rehabilitated in prison before they leave. It only may work in certain cases with low crime offendersRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex Is The Economic Interrelation Between Private Prisons And Various Public1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe prison-industrial complex is the economic interrelation between private prisons and various public and private job sectors that have become dependent on the expansion of the private prison system. A partial list of these sectors includes construction, pharmaceuticals, and law enforcement, including probation and parole. The prison-industrial complex also runs a cheap inmate labor force for various corporations. Approximately 2,266,800 adults are currently imprisoned in America. In addition toRead MorePrison Systems Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesPrison Systems Comparison Essay Alexa Werstiuk CJA/234 Introduction State Prison History The state prisons today were founded on the basis of the 1700s to 1800’s during the Age of Enlightenment. The English correctional facility referred to as a â€Å"gaol,† commonly known as a jail. They housed men, women, children, the mentally ill along with the civil and criminals. The individuals suffered from idleness, diseases, despair and malnutrition. The gaols were maintained by local authorities

Russian History Questions Free Essays

Name _________________________________ Date __________ Period ___________ Researching Russia Directions: Using the reference materials (including but not limited to the Internet, almanacs, atlases, encyclopedias, and books), research the answers to the following questions. The Internet is a useful source but you should make use of other resources should it not be available! 1. On November 1, 1993, the parliament of the Russian Republic of the USSR granted Russian President ______________________ broad power to begin radical economic reforms. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian History Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. In 1991, the population of Russia was estimated at ________________________. 3. In the ninth century, Scandinavian chieftains established the first Russian state, centering it on ___________________ and Kiev. 4. When did Lenin die? _____________ How did he die? _____________________ 5. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad lasted from June 1941 until January ___________. 6. When did Stalin die? ________ How old was he? _______ 7. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, massive Soviet military aid to __________________ helped assure communist victories throughout Southeast Asia. 8. Russia comprises over ________% of the total area of the former USSR and has ____________________ square miles, making it the largest country in the world. 9. What is the current life expectancy for Russian males? 10. The Russian monetary unit is the _________________. 11. The breed of cat known as the Russian blue is distinguished for its vivid ___________ colored eyes and the _____________ quality of its blue-gray coat. 12. Who is the author of War and Peace? 13. Who is the author of The Brothers Karamazov? 14. Which Russian author was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for Doctor Zhivago but declined the prize? 5. Leningrad’s St. Isaac’s Cathedral on Decembrists’ Square was designed by French architect ______________________ and built between 1819 and 1858. 16. The _______________, or Russian wolfhound, was first imported into the United States in 1889. 17. In 1854, British poet Alfred Lord Tennyson made Balaklava famous in his poem _______________________ ________. 18. On January 22, 1904, George Melitonovich Balanchivadze was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. He gained a reputation for the foremost representative of neoclassicism ballet. His professional name was __________________________. 9. Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is best known for what experiment? ____________________________________________________________ _________ 20. In 1910, Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova made her American debut with Russian dancer ______________________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. 21. Which Russian chemist compiled the ‘periodic table of elements? ’ ______________________________________ 22. On what date was the Russian Sputnik I put into orbit? ______________________ 23. On what date was the Russian Sputnik II put into orbit? ______________________ 24. September 17, 1957, was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Russian rocket pioneer Konstantin E. _________________________. 25. On January 2, 1959, unmanned interplanetary flight was proved feasible when the Soviet Union’s Mechta entered into orbit around the sun. 26. The Volga River is ________ miles, or ________ kilometers long. 27. What was the name of the imperial family that ruled Russia from 1613 until 1917? _______________________________ 28. The age of romanticism in Russian literature is from the late _________ until the early 1840s. 29. Who wrote The Twelve (1918)? __________________ 0. During World War II, the Soviet Union and Finland fought each other in two wars. The ‘Winter War’ was from 1939 to __________________. The ‘Continuation War’ was from 1941 until ______________. Who lost both wars? 31. When did the Russo-Japanese War begin? ____________ 32. When did the Russo-Japanese War end? ___________ 33. Catherine the Great (1729-96) ru led Russia for _________ years. 34. In what year did construction of St. Basil’s Cathedral begin? 35. The breed of dog known as the borzoi originated in Russia in the 1600s. Its average weight is __________ to ___________ pounds. 36. When World War I broke out, Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky settled in what country? _______________________ 37. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Tula to Moscow? __________ 38. The island Great Lyakhov is in the _____________ Sea. 39. Who wrote Boris? _____________________________ 40. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad during World War II caused ____________ deaths. 41. Russia is ____________ times the size of the United States but has a population of less than _______% percent of the people in the United States as of 2000. 42. What is the per capita Russian income? _____________________ 43. What is the life expectancy for Russian females? _____________ 44. In 1967, the Soviet government produced a film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace in commemoration of 50th anniversary of the Revolution. The Russian language version of the film ____ hours and _____. 45. ____________________ delivers gifts to Russian children on New Year’ s Eve. 46. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Moscow to St. Petersburg? __________________________ 47. The ________________ Mountains form a dividing line between Asia and Europe. 48. The _____________________ Strait separates Russia and Alaska. 49. Tsar Nicholas II was married to the granddaughter of Queen _____________ of England. 50. Name the son of Tsar Nicholas who suffered from hemophilia. _______________ 51. Twenty-three of the _________________ volcanoes on Kamchatka Peninsula are active. 52. The Caucasus Mountains are composed of limestone and ______________ rocks with some volcanic formations. 53. The Caspian Sea has a surface area of about ________________ square miles. 54. In December, Moscow averages _______________ days with overcast skies. 5. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is located on ______________ Prospect, a famous thoroughfare in Leningrad. 56. In the late 1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 57. In the mid-1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 58. The State _______________ Museum in Leningrad is considered to be one of the world’s great museums. 59. Valent ina V. ___________ was the first woman to orbit the earth. 60. The ___________________ Railroad runs north of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. USS How to cite Russian History Questions, Papers

Hypochondriasis Essay Example For Students

Hypochondriasis Essay Hypochondriasis is a mental illness wherein an individual is preoccupied with the fear of having or the idea of having a serious disease. It involves the misunderstanding of bodily symptoms. The sensations of most hypochondriacs are intense and disturbing, leading to incorrectly connecting the symptoms to a serious disease. It said that hypochondria is caused by a patients excessive worrying with having or developing a disease. Often these patients seek medical attention, but a doctors reassurance does not help the situation. Hypochondriacs will still think they are sick no matter what the do. Generally, patients who suffer from hypochondriasis also suffer from anxiety. There are many effective treatments for hypochondriacs such as drugs, support groups and therapy. This paper will discuss the diagnosis, cause and effect of the hypochondriasis. Hypochondria is an unsupported belief or anxiety over having a serious disease that is based on personal interpretations of bodily symptoms. The patient usually misinterprets bodily sensations. Anxiety and persistent reports of symptoms involving any body part is a good indicator the patient might suffer from a somatization disease or hypochondriasis. A patients symptoms might change from each visit, but the persons belief that a serious condition exists does not. The patients symptom complaints may shift from being very specific to very vague. Sometimes they might think that they have a form of cancer and other times that might just have a stomachache. Hypochondriacs have an extensive medical history. They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctors reassurance has no merit for the patient. A patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for less than six months, are classified as having a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondr iac. There are many causes for a patient to be a hypochondriac. When a hypochondria learns of a new disease and its symptoms, he/she excessively worries that they have or developing the disease. Attention can intensify a bodily sensation. By watching medical shows, a person can connect bodily sensations felt with a disease described on the show. The misinterpretation of the bodily sensations is what causes a patient to be a hypochondriac. Hypochondriasis might also be caused by anger deep within a person. Rather than letting their anger out towards people, a person turns their anger into physical symptoms. The life of a hypochondriac is usually unhappy and depressive. A hypochondriac will fell hopeless and have a lack of interest in life. Lastly, hypochondria can be triggered by a previous illness experienced or by a relatives sickness. Someone who was treated with cancer might be more preoccupied with bodily sensations and will connect them to a disease. Hypochondriacs have a fear. They fear that they will be struck with an illness. There are many causes why a person becomes a hypochondriac and most being psychological. Many treatments are being discovered to cure hypochondriacs. Since often hypochondriasis is associated with anxiety, a cognitive-behavioral model was created to show the development of the illness and show how to treat it. In this treatment, patients are taught how to identify and correct their misinterpretations of bodily sensations. Once the patient has identified the sensation felt, he or she must then construct a more realistic interpretation and modify their assumptions. Each patient was educated concerning the meaning of sensations. Another way to treat hypochondriasis is that of attention. Rather than the patient focus on bodily sensations, diverting their attention to pleasant memories or events may help them overcome the illness. A study conducted attempted to prove that distraction significantly reduced any levels of discomfort. The outcome of the study showed that distraction did not change a patients pain intensity. Although distraction was unsuccessful, a correlation between distraction and temperature was noticed. At temperatures of 46C or less, patients experienced lower levels of pain intensity. Any temperature above 46C, the patients showed higher levels of pain. Since many hypochondriacs are constantly fixed to pain perception, diverting their attention is almost impossible. Hypochondriasis can be treated using two other methods, psychodynamic and psychopharmacological. Psychodynamic treatment occurs when a patient wants to transform himself or herself. The psychodynamic perspective views hypochondriasis because of a childhood injury, whether it being an early trauma or negative parenting. In order to treat the traumatic patient, the psychodynamic method relies on verbal and non-verbal communication between the patient and therapist. From communication, a therapist tries to uncover hidden conflicts that lie within the patient. According to therapists, for the treatment to be effective, it is recommended that the patient be met with 1-3 times a week for five years. The other method is the psychopharmacological. Prozac is a drug that is also known as selective serotonin reuptake blockers. Prozac is often prescribed to depressed and OCD patients. Now the drug is being used to treat hypochondriacs, alcoholism, anxiety a study headed by Dr. Brian Fallon at Columbia University tested the effect of Prozac on hypochondrial patients. His study concluded that 70% of the patients who took daily doses of Prozac showed improvements after 12 weeks and some were completely free of the illness.

101 Annotated Bib and Political Ideology Professor Ramos Blog

101 Annotated Bib and Political Ideology Using Sources Quick Write Do you think the average person is good or bad? Is human nature fundamentally good or bad? Any questions on research? Using Sources What are the ways you can use sources in your essay? Evidence Support Explain Provide information Examples Credibility Quotes Research data Ideas! Annotated Bibliography An annotated bib is a works cited or references page with additional information added to each citation. You begin with the correct reference citation for your sources. For this assignment we will have at least five sources. Here is a good explanation of  citations in MLA. Explanation and example of an  Annotated Bibliography  from Cornell Example 2  Annotated Bibliography  from Purdue OWL Here is the format: Author(s). â€Å"Article Title.†Ã‚  Source, vol. #, no. #, season year, pp. xx-xx.  Database,  URL. Example: Kong, Les. â€Å"Business Sources for Education Majors.†Ã‚  Education Graduate Students Journal, vol. 75, no. 4, 2014, pp. 12-19.  JSTOR,  jstor.org/stable/52506788. To each entry you will add the annotation, the paragraph or two that explains the source, why you are using it, and its reliability. Each professor you will have in the future may have specific guidelines for what to include in an annotated bibliographic entry. Always follow their instructions. For this assignment, you should include: Summary of Source, 2-4 sentences How you are using it in your report, 1-3 sentences Reliability of source, 1-3 sentences In total, you should have a short paragraph, 4-10 sentences, explaining the three points above. MLA Style We will be going over the 8th edition MLA citation Style. You can look under our  resources page  for MLA or APA guides. There are three things to consider for each style guide you use: Page Formatting In-Text Citations /References Page Here is a  Power Point presentation covering MLA style 8th edition  and the recent changes. Krikorian, Mark. â€Å"Two Immigration Priorities.†Ã‚  National Review, Dec, 2016, pp. 18-20, SIRS Issues Researcher,  www.sks.sirs.com. This article goes into detail on some of the other less talked about factors of the changes in how we deal with illegal immigrants under our new president and his policies. The author is the director of the Center for Immigration Studies so I assume he is a credible expert in immigration. I will use this source to get more specific in my critique of the border wall proposal. Krikorian, Mark. â€Å"Two Immigration Priorities.†Ã‚  National Review, Dec, 2016, pp. 18-20, SIRS Issues Researcher,  www.sks.sirs.com. This article goes into detail on some of the other less talked about factors of the changes in how we deal with illegal immigrants under our new president and his policies. The author is the director of the Center for Immigration Studies so I assume he is a credible expert in immigration. I will use this source to get more specific in my critique of the border wall proposal. In total, you should have a short paragraph, 4-10 sentences, explaining the three points above. Any questions before we move on? Why Rural America Voted for Trump Robert Leonard, â€Å"Why Rural America Voted for Trump† [p. 279] Democrats think people are fundamentally good. Republicans think people are fundamentally bad. Do   you think people are good? Jonathan Haidt: Can a Divided America Heal? 20 Minutes. Jon Haidt is a Social Psychologist. Write down anything you think is important or that stands out to you. Write down any words you don’t know so we can make a list for everyone. So the first thing that you have to always keep in mind when you’re thinking about politics is that we’re tribal. We evolved for tribalism. One of the simplest and greatest insights into human social nature is the Bedouin proverb: â€Å"Me against my brother; me and my brother against our cousin; me and my brother and cousins against the stranger.† Chapter 7, Who Cares? Chapter 7 explains the importance of addressing the â€Å"so what?† and â€Å"who cares?† questions when writing and making an argument. You essays will become stronger once you begin addressing these questions in your writing. The â€Å"who cares?† question considers who has a stake in the argument. The â€Å"so what?† helps the reader understand what the larger implications or consequences of the topic are. These questions work great in many parts of your essays. They are especially helpful for writers who struggle with introductions and conclusions. A good tip is to address these questions in the introduction and conclusions. Report Topic, So What? Who are the people that care about your topic? Who has a stake in the matter? Brainstorm for three minutes all the groups who have a stake in the argument. Homework Finish research on your topic Annotated Bib. Print and hand in.

Essay Sample on Herpes 3 Case Studies

Essay Sample on Herpes 3 Case Studies A forty year old, Hispanic female, came into my office last week with open sores and blisters on her lips and inside of her mouth. Patient said that her boyfriend has the same sores and blisters on his mouth and she may have exposed herself to his open sores. I took a culture of one of the sores that was open. The results showed that she had the herpes simplex virus, type one, known as fever blisters. I informed her that the virus usually invade the moist membrane cells of the lips, throat, or mouth. The blisters tend to combine and then disintegrate. Usually a yellowish crust will cover the sores, which should heal without scarring within two weeks. However the virus does not leave the body once you have been infected with oral herpes, it remains in a nerve positioned near the cheekbone. The patient then asked what causes an out break to return. I told her that emotional stress, fever, illness, injury, or prolonged exposure to sunlight, weaken her body’s defense against an ou tbreak. She then asked what she can do to prevent the recurrence of the fever blister. I told her to keep them clean and dry, eat a soft diet to avoid irritating the sores. I let her know that the virus is very contagious and she avoid touching the open sores and then having skin contact with other people. There is no cure for the herpes virus but I suggested the use of ointments that numb the blisters such as Orajel, or creams that prevent and relieve the sores such as Denavir. A twenty year old, Caucasian male, came into my office yesterday complaining of a stinging and blisters around his genital area. He also has had flu-like symptoms such as headaches, fever, and swollen gland for the past week. I then took a culture of an open sore on his genital. The results came back showing that he had Herpes Simplex Virus, type two. I informed him that the virus is almost always sexually transmitted and is extremely common: about 1 in 5 Americans over the age of twelve have it. After the first outbreak occurs, the herpes virus can lie dormant in nerve cells in the body for weeks, months, or even years. Stress, illness, sexual intercourse, and prolonged sun exposure may cause another outbreak. Unfortunately, no one can predict when another outbreak will occur. The patient then asked what he can do to prevent passing it on to others. I told him to avoid any sexual activity during an outbreak, and when you suspect one may be starting. Unfortunately even when you have no symptoms of genital herpes you may still pass the virus on; therefore, you should always use a latex condom during sex. Although latex condoms do not guarantee that the virus will not be passed on to your partner. The patient then asked if there is a cure for the virus. I replied by telling him that there is no cure for genital herpes; although fortunately it can be treated effectively with medication. I gave him a prescription medicine called Famvir which is proven to shorten the duration of burning, pain, itching, and tenderness associated with the herpes sores. A twenty-five year old, Caucasian female, came in to my office today and told me that she has been diagnosed with genital herpes and is thinking about having a child, but wanted to know if it would be safe for the child. I told her that it was a good idea to consult with me first because there are many factors that may concern the safety of the baby and the factors vary depending on the women. I explained to her that many women with genital herpes have healthy babies and infecting an infant with genital herpes is very rare. Women who have herpes before becoming pregnant are not likely to pass the virus to the baby because they protect the baby by passing antibodies to it during the pregnancy. She then asked me if women who have herpes are able to have a normal vaginal delivery. I then explained to her that the majority of women with genital herpes are able to deliver the baby vaginal with not complications. However it is possible for the baby to be exposed to the herpes simplex virus through vaginal deliveries and in some cases may cause brain damage to the infant; therefore it often recommended that women with active genital herpes have a c-section or caesarean section to be on the safe side. I also informed her that there are several anti-herpes medications that are sometimes taken during pregnancy in order to provide extra protection for the baby although she should consult with me first before taking these medications to be sure that they are safe for her. I then reassured her again that she and the child would be perfectly healthy in the end and the herpes simplex virus would not affect the child. You can also order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Herpes from our professional custom writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers.

Haagen-Dazs's E-Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Haagen-Dazs's E-Business Analysis - Essay Example HÃ ¤agen-Dazs is a very old brand of ice cream that was first introduced in 1961 by the Polish immigrants Rose Mattus and Reuben. In the beginning, the business had only offered three flavors of ice cream. These flavors included chocolate, vanilla, and coffee. Additionally, the first business shop was established in the Brooklyn, New York in 1976. After that, this business evolved to a huge extent and became a huge corporation. Presently this United States based business is having its franchises all through the United States and over 54 nations all through the world. Moreover, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs also manufacture ice cream, cakes, bars, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. This business was launched by Reuben Mattus who was a young industrialist and having a fervor for excellence and a dream for offering the best ice-cream ever at that time. The establishment of business was aimed to offer quality ice cream to the community. Additionally, the business was initiated as a small business setup and then it turned into a huge business setup. In addition, the ice cream products of the HÃ ¤agen-Dazs brand rapidly developed a loyal customer market. HÃ ¤agen-Dazs initial achievements were attained through idle talk as well as great honor. Moreover, without taking the advantage of any advertisement technique the business of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs grown rapidly. Initially, the ice cream was simply available at gourmet shops located in New York afterward its delivery extended all through the United States. ... Initially, the ice cream was simply available at gourmet shops located in New York afterward its delivery extended all through the United States (HDIP, Inc., 2011). Presently this business is one of the main and biggest ice cream businesses in US and this business is offering a variety of ice cream products. This aspect enabled the business to attain higher customer satisfaction, confidence along with market share. Figure 1Main page of Haagen-dazs, Source: http://www.haagen-dazs.com/ 3- Branding This section discusses some of the main aspects about products branding available at Haagen-Dazs business. In this scenario I will outline different approaches and policies to assess the overall branding tactic and policy of the business: 3.1- Branding Basic Theme Haagen-Dazs has established the business brand on the basis of its high quality ice cream flavors. In this scenario this business offers a variety of quality based and luxury ice cream brands for mature people. In the start Haagen-D azs introduced the ice cream product which was approximately for all time inexpensively available ice cream at the marketplace. Initially the business has tried to pay great attention towards the household, men, women and children marketplace. However in current years Haagen-Dazs has proficiently introduced a latest idea of ice cream product that ice cream could be of high-status, special, tasteful and good looking. Through this type of business and product marketing the Haagen-Dazsturn became one of the bestselling brands among the fantastic-quality brands of this category (Adbrands.net., 2011) and (ICMR, 2011). 3.2- High Quality Haagen-Dazs has established the basic theme ‘no compromise on ice cream quality’ for its business. Haagen-Dazs recognized that

Review Chapters V7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review Chapters V7 - Essay Example The geographical region in focus is the country of Thailand in South East Asia. A range of different types of SMEs will be included from various sectors so that the findings are representative of Thai SMEs in general. Thus, it includes the production, wholesale and retail sectors. We shall adopt the classification of SMEs as defined by the Thai Institute for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (ISMED, 2010) as follows: Similarly, the study will not be confined to SMEs in a particular area of Thailand because that would not necessarily be representative of Thai SMEs. It will be concerned with SMEs that are typically of Thai origin whether from the capital, other cities or the rural areas of Thailand. The problem to be studied is how Thai SMEs can overcome the myriad of problems they face in being successful. Despite the large number, significance and potential of SMEs, they are more likely than LEs to be faced with a number of problems and limitations. These are primarily related to the areas of administration, management, finance, technology, human resources, and marketing (Garengo, and Bernardi, 2007). For example, the problem of gaining access to sources of funding is very common. Often, SMEs are unaware of potential sources of finance, lack the management skills to satisfy lenders, and are unable to meet lenders’ rigorous assessment criteria and screening process (Atrill, 2006). Even then, SMEs are often not able to receive sufficient access to credit, as do LEs. The nature of this particular problem however is not unique to Thai SMEs as it is a similar situation with SMEs elsewhere, even in developed countries such as Europe (European Commission, 2006). Other problems include lack of employee-training (Thassanabanjong et al., 2009), especially in family-owned SMEs (De Lema and Durendez, 2007) an informal approach if not negligible regard to human resource management (HRM), and consequently

Diagnosis and Management of Bronchopleural Fistula

Diagnosis and Management of Bronchopleural Fistula Introduction A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a communication between the bronchial tree and the pleural space. More than two thirds of BPFs are postresectional, with an incidence ranging from 1.5-28 % after pneumonectomy, and 0.5% after lobectomy. Postresectional BPF is associated with mortality of 20-50 %.[1] BPFs can present early (1-7 days), intermediate (8-30 days), or late (more than 30 days) after pulmonary resection. Early fistulas are usually associated with dehiscence of the bronchial stump, while late fistulas are usually associated with failed healing or infection.[2] Besides postresectional etiology, BPFs may be idiopathic, or secondary to necrotizing lung infections, persistent spontaneous pneumothorax, thoracic trauma, Adult respiratory distress syndrome, Tuberculosis, or postprocedural e.g. lung biopsy or bronchoscopy.[3] Diagnosis and management of BPF is a major challenge for clinicians. Diagnosis and localization of BPF may require multiple chest computed tomography (CT) imaging and bronchoscopies.[4] A BPF is usually a manifestation of the underlying lung disease, therefore, measures to reduce the air leak are generally unsuccessful until the patients underlying lung disease has improved. Once there is diminished need for mechanical ventilation, the BPF almost always resolves without specific therapy, apart from controlling active infection and draining the pleural space adequately. Definitive repair using surgery or various bronchoscopic methods has been used to close BPF if either conservative management fails, or is not expected to succeed.[5] Case Description A 69 year old male with squamous cell carcinoma of the right lower lobe (RLL) of the lung underwent thoracotomy and RLL resection. The patient was discharged home on the 6th postoperative day after an uneventful hospital course. The patient presented to the emergency department of an outside hospital ten days later with fever and respiratory distress. Chest X-ray showed a large pneumothorax, and a right sided chest tube was placed. Pleural fluid was sent for culture and sensitivity, and later grew staphylococcus aureus. The patient’s breathing continued to be labored, and was intubated urgently after failing a short trial of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (PPV). A large air leak was observed through the chest tube with each positive pressure breath, even after placing the chest tube on continuous suction. Placement of an endobronchial valve to minimize air leak was attempted in the interventional bronchoscopy suite, but failed and was reported to be technically dif ficult. The patient was subsequently transferred to our hospital for further management. On admission, ventilatory management in the intensive care unit (ICU) was geared towards lowering the tidal volume and plateau airway pressure to minimize the air leak. This was accomplished by providing partial ventilatory support using low rate synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) and a high inspiratory flow rate, as well as decreasing PEEP, inspiratory to expiratory (I/E) ratio, and the tidal volume of each ventilator delivered breath. We used the least amount of chest tube suction that maintains lung inflation, treated bronchospasm aggressively, and continued appropriate antibiotics. We suspected that the patient had a RLL airway stump dehiscence resulting in a BPF, and complicated with staphylococcus aureus empyema. Chest CT (Figure 1) showed a properly placed right sided chest tube surrounded by residual hydropneumothorax. Bronchoscopy showed a defect in the suture line of the RLL airway stump. The patient was taken to the operating room (OR) to close the BPF through a right thoracotomy after switching the single lumen endotracheal tube to a left sided double lumen tube. The abscess cavity was cleaned revealing a 0.6 cm airway stump opening at its base. The stump opening was sutured and mattressed with intercostal muscle pedicle. A Clagett window was created, the cavity was packed tightly, and a vacuum assisted closure dressing was applied. The patient was extubated in the OR to minimize PPV. Antibiotics and dressing changes were done until the patient was discharged from the hospital on the 6th postoperative day. The wound was ultimately closed five months later when the Clagett window decreased in size and healed appropriately. Diagnosis Signs and symptoms of BPF include fever, productive cough, hemoptysis, subcutaneous emphysema, and persistent air leak or purulent drainage from a chest tube. Late fistulas with empyema may be associated with nonspecific symptoms e.g. fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Chest radiographs usually demonstrate a new air-fluid level (hydropneumothorax) in the pleural space.[6] Both chest CT and bronchoscopy are useful in establishing diagnosis, identifying the cause and localizing the bronchopleural fistulous track.[4] Chest CT can also define the empyema cavity and assess the severity of coexisting lung disease. Bronchoscopy can also be used to inspect the bronchial stump, obtain cultures, and assess the contralateral airway. In addition to direct visualization of central BPFs, bronchoscopy can localize peripheral ones by passing a balloon into suspected bronchial segments separately and then inflating for 30-120 seconds. A reduction in air leak through chest tubes would identify the bronchial segment communicating with the BPF.[7] Management Management of BPF is difficult and depends on the underlying cardiopulmonary reserve, nutritional status, fitness to undergo a major surgical procedure, surgical expertise available, and the size and location of the fistula. Conservative management: The primary goals of BPF management include treating the underlying lung disease, reducing the air leak through ventilator adjustments to minimize the tidal volume and plateau airway pressure, and avoiding contamination of the contralateral lung by either positioning the patient with the affected side down or controlling the airway with a double lumen endotracheal tube if needed. Small fistulas can be managed conservatively if the patients clinical condition is stable and the pleural space is well drained. This is achieved by insertion of a chest tube in the pleural cavity, with either minimal or no suction to allow the lung to expand without encouraging air leak through the fistula. Conservative management is safe as long as empyema is drained promptly, but might not be suitable for patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.[8] The chest tube can be connected to a one-way valve and the patient can be treated as an outpatient.[9] Ventilatory management: [9,10] Ventilatory management of BPF is geared towards keeping airway pressures below the critical opening pressure of the fistula by reducing the respiratory rate, tidal volume, inspiratory time, PEEP, plateau airway pressure, and transpulmonary pressure gradient. This can be achieved by implementing the following measures: Provide partial ventilatory support e.g. low rate SIMV or Pressure Support. Decrease the tidal volume of each ventilator-delivered breath (5 to 8 mL/kg) Use a high inspiratory flow rate e.g. 70 to 100 L/min. Decrease I/E ratio. Minimize inspiratory time to decrease mean airway pressure, avoid end-inspiratory pause and inverse-ratio ventilation. Minimize PEEP (both dialed-in and auto-PEEP). If previous adjustments are not possible or insufficient, a strategy of permissive hypercapnia is appropriate (decrease minute ventilation and allow arterial PCO2 to rise). Use the least amount of chest tube suction that maintains lung inflation. Avoid patient positions that increase the leak, and keep patient heavily sedated (and paralyzed if needed) if spontaneous movement exacerbates air leak. Treat bronchospasm and other causes of expiratory airflow obstruction. Wean and extubate patients as soon as possible. If the measures mentioned above failed, consider unconventional ventilatory measures e.g. independent lung ventilation,[11] high-frequency jet ventilation,[12] or airway pressure release ventilation.[13] If ventilation continues to be problematic, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used temporarily until further bronchoscopic or surgical control of BPF is done.[14] Bronchoscopic Management: Interventional bronchoscopy is usually reserved for BPF in patients with high surgical risk and poor general condition, or small fistulas in stable patients after drainage of the pleural space has been achieved and infection is controlled.[15] These procedures are limited to isolated case reports or short case series; the current literature does not allow adequate comparison of different bronchoscopic techniques. Peripheral fistulas (post-lobectomy) tend to be more amenable to this family of techniques compared with more centrally located fistulas (post-pneumonectomy). Bronchoscopic management of BPF is based on the delivery of different materials and small devices into the BPF sites.[16] Examples include: A plug composed of Gel Foam, fibrin, autologous clot, or tissue glue. An endobronchial one-way valve. (Figure 2 3) An expandable endobronchial stent. Local application of silver nitrate. Coagulation of the injured site with the Nd:YAG laser. Antibiotics e.g. Doxycycline, or tetracycline injections. Silicone fillers, coils, and amplatzer devices. Surgical Management: Surgical management has a success rate of 80-95 %, but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery can be performed as a one or two stage procedure. A one stage procedure is indicated when the BPF occurs within the first few days after surgery. Management usually includes closure of the BPF by reclosure of the bronchial stump reinforced with omental or pedicled flaps, and obliteration of the residual pleural space.[2,17] Management of late occurring fistulas or if an empyema is present involves a two-stage approach. Drainage of the pleural space and debridement of empyema cavity is followed by repair of the air leak once the pleural space is sterile (e.g. Modified Clagett Technique).[18,19] Chronic empyema may need thoracoplasty with removal of a part of the chest wall.[5] If the BPF cannot be identified, open window thoracotomy and daily dressing may be helpful. Success of surgical management is improved by ensuring appropriate antibiotic therapy, adequate nutritional support, and proper care of chest tubes, as inadvertent occlusion can be complicated by tension pneumothorax.[8] Conclusion BPFs offer many management challenges in a complex patient population. The aforementioned case report demonstrates the spectrum of morbidity associated with this serious problem. A post-resection occurrence is the most common etiology, and the diagnosis is usually confirmed with chest CT and bronchoscopy. BPFs require a multimodal management strategy and should be handled in centers with experience with this complex problem. Management includes control of infection, pleural drainage, proper pain control, nutritional support, and ventilatory management tailored to minimize air leak. Both surgical and non-surgical options can be utilized for management of BPFs. Bronchoscopic procedures such as endobronchial valves are emerging as viable treatment options but should be used on a case-by-case basis. Figure 1: Chest CT: Panel A shows a residual hydropneumothorax around a right sided chest tube. Panel B represents a coronal reconstruction that shows the BPF (The arrow points to the communication between the right lower lobe airway and the right pleural space). Image courtesy of Dr. Ahmed El-Sherief. Figure 2: A bronchoscopic image from another patient with right upper lobe BPF. The image shows 2 endobronchial valves seated in the anterior and posterior segments of the right upper lobe. Image courtesy of Dr. Thomas Gildea. Figure 3: The Spiration Valve System (SVS) is self expanding and conforms to the airway. During inspiration (A), the valve blocks distal airflow. During expiration (B), the valve allows trapped air and secretions to escape. Reduction in airflow may accelerate resolution of an air leak. Copyright  © 2013 Spiration, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Interesting Narrative Essay

â€Å"Who are we looking for, who are we looking for? It’s Equiano we’re looking for. † –those are the words from a chant about the disappearance of an African boy. The disappearance of Olaudah Equiano has become a subject for a national folklore. All along the sixteenth – nineteenth centuries thousands of Africans captured in West Africa had been shipped to be sold in slavery. Many of them wrote about their hard life’s experiences. Precisely in this way, by creating poems and autobiographies, the so-called slave narratives have been born. â€Å"The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself† is one of them. That is a really an interesting narrative. But it is attractive not only because of its plot or author’s writing skills. This became the first memoir of a black slave whose autobiography has been recognized by the public and continued being interesting for millions of people far after its author’s death. â€Å"I had often seen my master and Dick employed in reading: and I had a great curiosity to talk to the books as I thought they did, and so to learn how all things had a beginning. For that purpose I have often taken up a book, and have talked to it, and then put my ears to it, when alone, in hopes it would answer me; and I have been very much concerned when I found it remained silent. † (Equiano 112). These words can be taken out as the main thesis of the research: Equiano showed with all his life that each person, even a slave, is able to reach many significant things in his life. The main aim is to have a great curiosity in â€Å"how all things had a beginning† and strong will. And it is very important for human hearts not to â€Å"remain silent† to other people’s sorrows. There exists a certain problem regarding the authenticity of author’s text. The readers who have bought the Equiano’s book under the Allison’s edition must be aware of that fact that Allison has gathered different parts of Equiano’s autobiography which hasn’t been published by the author. A great deal of text is submitted by Allison, not Equiano. For example, the place in narrative in which Equiano gives references to his marriage. But a few pages earlier Equiano says he is free. Equiano changed the earlier passage when having added the relation to his marriage in 1792 in order to preserve the right cronology. Allison hasn’t taken into consideration that fact. Therefore, it can be seen that the chronology hasn’t been observed in Allison’s edition. Within such a vision the Equiano’s book becomes even more mystical. It sounds like a far and vague voice perceived through another author’s interpretation. Nevertheless, despite of some discrepancies in Allison’s interpretation of Equiano’s narration, the latter remains a masterpiece of African literature. As it was already mentioned, the book in case became a sensation in the literature of that time as that was the first book written by a black man that has been edited. But there are many other points in favor of Equiano’s book. One of them is that this book became a sample of new literature genre – a kind of social protest expressed in a very original way. There are no direct appeals for stopping the slavery in Africa by Africans but at the same time Equiano’s book is a burning request for ending the enslavement of Africans by other nations’ representatives. â€Å"I believe there are few events in my life that have not happened to many† –you can find these words in Equiano’s autobiography as well. Those events are the kidnapping of l1-year-old Equiano and his serving to European slave traders. His book isn’t a result of imagination but proper author’s experiences. Equiano was a member of Ibo nation which resided in Nigeria. When Equiano was eleven he was kidnapped by slave traders together with his sister. He was brought to Virginia and was sold to Michael Pascal there. Pascal changed Equiano’s name to Gustavas Vassa (after a Swedish monarch from sixteenth century). Equiano has passed through many adventures before he bought his freedom in 1776. He continued traveling through American colonies after that but as he still was afraid to be recaptured he went to England where he had been working for Charles Irving – a scientist who was famous for his experiments with slat-water purification. Eqiano was traveling then over Italy, Turkey and even the Artic studying many sciences in the course of that. Equiano’s autobiography was first published in 1789. It was published in two volumes and was entitled â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself†. The narrative was declared to be one of the most prominent slave narratives of that time. In this narrative one can find Equiano’s experiences which he acquired being on the board of the slave ship, working as a gunpowder carrier in the Mediterranean or as a barber while going on as a sailor. Thanks to all of those great talents and skills got by himself in the course of his sated life, Equiano became a great intellectual of his age. His autobiography, besides being a brilliant pattern of autobiography, became a classic of the slave narrative genre. Equiano has described his adventures in a very vivacious manner. Besides, his book has been released very timely – that time much attention was paid to negro–slavery society. Equiano’s book became one point in favor of the general hatred that was rising against the West –India planters who had been noted to reveal horrible cruelties directed on their slaves. Speaking about ‘humanity’ in his book Equiano had several purposes in mind. First of all, he meant that the slavery is inhuman. Equiano represents it as a cruel business which results in a great deal of human misery. Of course, Equiano calls for the elimination of slavery in his autobiography. But he tries to reveal the most horrible thing that is the base of European slave traders’ attitude to the African nations. That is the anti-racist idea which was rather a wide-spread one in England of eighteen century. According to this idea African were not fully human beings. Equiano’s book is a great plea for the dissolving of this terrible myth in human’s minds. With a great talent he described a life of a man who had been a victim of that myth -his own life. Taking into consideration the anti-racist intentions of Equiano’s autobiography, there are no denying facts that his book is a considerable political writing as well. A slave wrote a politically considerable book –that is the main Equiano’s paradox of that time which made human’s hearts to pay more attention to the miserable situation of Africans. A black boy, kidnapped by European traders and grew up among them, taught everything he could and wrote a kind of black self-presentation with a strong political meaning. The writing that book was a real feat by Equiano. He was brave enough to create his autobiography after having lived all that through by himself. That was a real proof of that African people were not only â€Å"fully human† beings but they were a great nation whose aspiration for freedom was not less than of any other nation of the world. Olaudah Equiano’s life is a brilliant example of human’s will in its most prominent expression – willing to be free. By that time not too many of slavers’ narrations had appeared. Those were mostly oral narrations by a slave which were gathered by white scientists. Equiano’s narrative was different from those ones. It was different not only because of his writing skills but, first of all, because he has written it by himself and, moreover, he published it by himself. He published it by subscription and by that way he forced many people to pay for his book in advance. Among those people the Prince of Wales and a range of dukes were. Another strong act by Equiano was that he not only had published the book but went on promoting it. He carried out a range of lections in England, Scotland and Wales. By promoting his book he was promoting at the same time the abolition of slavery. He was present at the lections arranged by local abolition committees in many regions. Thus, Equiano managed not only to convert his autobiography in anti-slavery document but converted his whole life into anti-slavery movement. As one can see, the poor slave kidnapped and grown up in slavery resulted to be a wonderful author, publisher, producer and political figure. He showed how an ordinary autobiography of a slave may convert into a strong social and even political movement. Equiano‘s narrative was proclaimed by many critics to be the most remarkable among the books by black writers of the 18th century. Arna Bontemps in his introduction to â€Å"Great Slave Narratives† (1969) characterized Equiano’s narrative as â€Å"the first truly notable book in the genre of the salve narrative†. Equiano became an entire historical epoch regarding the African culture. It has become the base of all African studies. His book will remain an eternal testimony of slavery as a shameful act of humanity. Equiano wrote the autobiography but his main aim was not to make his life famous but to show all the consequences which the violence and aggressiveness may have. The autobiography by Equiano is worth of reading because of many reasons. First of all, the personal skills of the author made his description colorful and dynamic. He managed to quickly learn the language, religion, law and commerce of his enslavers. Thus, he found the possibility to buy his freedom, find employment, travel the world, and become a legitimate advocate for abolition. The horrors that Equiano was forced to face didn’t not break him. He was able to win thanks to a combination of luck, intelligence, and hard work in his character. His ironic sense of humor in narrating his numerous adventures and roles in life indicates that he perceived himself as a survivor. He was aware of all the difficulties that could wait for him and nevertheless was ready to cope with them. In the beginning of narrative the goal of freedom is established, and he then expends all of his energy on attaining it. Equiano wrote his narrative after he had been converted to Christianity. Christianity means spiritual rebirth and this formula certainly was a strong point while structuring his story. It also caused an efficient influence on the readers’ minds. So, the spiritual author’s rebirth also influenced on Equiano’s writing – he wrote his autobiography according to the personal religious, spiritual changes. Equiano is often compared to Robinson Crusoe. Like the famous hero of Daniel Defoe he got into the foreign environment and managed to survive there and carry his will to freedom and happiness through all the difficulties of his outstanding life. That’s why Olaudah Equiano will always remain in human’s hearts as a symbol of freedom and powerful human will. And having passed many years hundreds of people when reading the â€Å"â€Å"The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself† will say: â€Å"â€Å"Who are we looking for, who are we looking for? It’s Equiano we’re looking for. † Bibliography 1. Olaudah, Equiano. (Edited with an introduction by Robert J. Allison). The Interesting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, written by himself. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1995. READ EXCERPTS from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . . . From Ch. 1: Description of Equiano’s Early Life and the Culture of his People Read online one of the first detailed descriptions ever published of a traditional African culture from the perspective of an African, which makes for interesting comparisons to Part I of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. The Life of Olaudah Equiano (British Library: African Collections) Extract from: The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself. London: Printed for and sold by the author, No. 10, Union-Street, Middlesex Hospital, [1789]. Vol. 1, Chapter 1, pp. 4-38: http://www. bl. uk/collections/africanolaudah. html From Ch. 2: â€Å"THEY†¦ CARRY OFF AS MANY AS THEY CAN SEIZE† â€Å"My father, besides many slaves, had a numerous family, of which seven lived to grow up, including myself and a sister, who was the only daughter. As I was the youngest of the sons, I became, of course, the greatest favourite of my mother, and was always with her; and she used to take particular pains to form my mind. I was trained up from my earliest years in the arts of agriculture and war; and my mother adorned me with emblems, after the manner of our greatest warriors. In this way I grew up till I was turned the age of eleven, when an end was put to my happiness in the following manner:–Generally, when the grown people in the neighbourhood were gone far in the fields to labour, the children assembled together in some of the neighborhood’s premises to play; and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our parents’ absence, to attack and carry off as many as they could seize. One day, as I was watching at the top of a tree in our yard, I saw one of those people come into the yard of our next neighbour but one, to kidnap, there being many stout young people in it. Immediately, on this, I gave the alarm of the rogue, and he was surrounded by the stoutest of them, who entangled him with cords, so that he could not escape till some of the grown people came and secured him. â€Å"But alas! ere long, it was my fate to be thus attacked, and to be carried off, when none of the grown people were nigh. One day, when all our people were gone out to their works as usual, and only I and my dear sister were left to mind the house, two men and a woman got over our walls, and in a moment seized us both; and, without giving us time to cry out, or make resistance, they stopped our mouths, and ran off with us into the nearest wood. Here they tied our hands, and continued to carry us as far as they could, till night came on, when we reached a small house, where the robbers halted for refreshment, and spent the night. We were then unbound; but were unable to take any food; and, being quite overpowered by fatigue and grief, our only relief was some sleep, which allayed our misfortune for a short time. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives p. 25. ] From Ch. 2: â€Å"A MULTITUDE OF BLACK PEOPLE†¦ CHAINED TOGETHER† â€Å"Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him† (â€Å"A Son of Africa†). The European slavers’ â€Å"complexions, differing so much from ours, their long hair and the language they spoke, which was different from any I had ever heard, united to confirm me in this belief [that Equiano â€Å"had got into a world of bad spirits and that they were going to kill me†]. Indeed, such were the horrors of my views and fears at the moment, that if ten thousand worlds had been my own, I would have freely parted with them all to have exchanged my condition with that of the meanest slave of my own country. When I looked around the ship and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted my fate. Quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. When I recovered a little, I found some black people about me, and I believe some were those who had brought me on board and had been receiving their pay. They talked to me in order to cheer me up, but all in vain. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks, red faces and long hair. They told me I was not . . . . I took a little [wine] down my palate, which, instead of reviving me as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted such liquor before. â€Å"Soon after this, the blacks who had brought me on board went off and left me abandoned to despair. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly. I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind. . . .[Equiano was then â€Å"put down under the decks† and ] There I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life. With the loathesomeness of the stench and the crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me. Soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across the windlass and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before. . . . If I could have gotten over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not. The crew used to watch very closely those of us who were not chained down to the decks, lest we should leap into the water. I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself . . . . [Meeting some of his countrymen among the chained Africans below decks,] I inquired of these what was to be done with us. They gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white people’s country to work for them. I then was a little revived, and thought if it were no worse than working, my situation was not so desperate. But still I feared that I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted in so savage a manner. I have never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty, and this not only shown towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves. One white man in particular I saw, when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast that he died in consequence of it, and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute. This made me fear these people the more, and I expected nothing less than to be treated in the same manner. . . . I asked [my countrymen] if these people had no country, but lived in this hollow place [the ship]? They told me they did not but came from a distant land. ‘Then,’ said I, ‘how comes it that in all our country we never heard of them? ‘ They told me because they lived so far off. I then asked where were their women? Had they any like themselves? I was told they had. ‘And why do we not see them’ I asked. They answered, ‘Because they were left behind. ‘ I asked how the vessel could go? They told me they could not tell, but there was cloth put upon the masts by the help of the ropes I saw, and then vessels went on, and the white men had some spell or magic they put in the water when they liked in order to stop the vessel when they liked. I was exceedingly amazed at this account, and really thought they were spirits. I therefore wished much to be from amongst them, for I expected they would sacrifice me. But my wishes were in vain–for we were so quartered that it was impossible for us to make our escape. † â€Å". . . .At last, when the ship we were in had got in all her cargo, they made ready with many fearful noises, and we were all put under deck, so that we could not see how they managed the vessel. . . . The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time†¦ some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air. But now that the whole ship’s cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations so that the air became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died–thus falling victims of the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, which now became insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs [toilets] into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself, I was soon reduced so low that it was necessary to keep me almost always on deck and from my extreme youth I was not put into fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon the deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with, served only to render my state more painful and heightened my apprehensions and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites. . . .† â€Å"One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings and jumped into the sea. Immediately another quite dejected fellow, who on account of his illness was suffered to be out of irons, followed their example. I believe many more would very soon have done the same if they had not been prevented by the ship’s crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were in a moment put down under the deck, and there was such a noise and confusion among the people of the ship as I never heard before to stop her and get the boat out to go after the slaves. However, two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other and afterwards flogged him unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. . . . I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. Many a time we were near suffocation from the want of fresh air, which we were often without for whole days together. This, and the stench of the necessary tubs, carried off many. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives pp. 33-34; 35-36. ] Carey also reprints online Extracts from Equiano’s Narrative, Ch. 2: â€Å"Boarding a Slave-Ship†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract2. htm â€Å"The Middle Passage†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract3. htm From Ch. 2: â€Å"DREAD AND TREMBLING† Olaudah Equiano offers a first-hand account of his arrival in the West Indies in 1756 (â€Å"A Son of Africa†). [Arrival at â€Å"the island of Barbadoes† in the Caribbean:] â€Å"As the vessel drew nearer, we plainly saw the harbor and other ships of different kinds and sizes and we soon anchored amongst them off Bridgetown. Many merchants and planters came on board . . . . They put us in separate parcels and examined us attentively. They also made us jump, and pointed to the land, signifying we were to go there. We thought by this we should be eaten by these ugly men, as they appeared to us. When soon after we were all put down under the deck again, there was much dread and trembling among us and nothing but bitter cries to be heard all the night from the apprehensions. At last the white people got some old slaves from the land to pacify us. They told us we were not to be eaten, but to work, and were soon to go on land, where we should see many of our country people. This report eased us much, and sure enough, soon after we landed, there came to us Africans of all languages. â€Å"We were conducted immediately to the merchant’s yard, where we were all pent up together, like so many sheep in a fold, without regard to sex or age. As every object was new to me, everything I saw filled me with surprise. What struck me first was that the houses were built with bricks and stories, and in every respect different from those I had seen in Africa, but I was still more astonished to see people on horseback. I did not know what this could mean, and indeed I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts. While I was in this astonishment, one of my fellow prisoners spoke to a countryman of his about the horses who said they were the same kind they had in their country. I understood them, though they were from a distant part of Africa and I thought it odd I had not seen any horses there; but afterwards when I came to converse with different Africans, I found they had many horses amongst them, and much larger than those I then saw. â€Å"We were not many days in the merchant’s custody, before we were sold after their usual manner . . . On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum), buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make a choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended, and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers, serve not a little to increase the apprehension of terrified Africans . . . . In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again. I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over†¦ there were several brothers who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion, to see and hear their cries in parting. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives pp. 37-38. ] At this point in Ch. 2 of the Narrative, Equiano passionately addresses his European enslavers: â€Å"O, ye nominal Christians! might not an African ask you, ‘learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends, to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations now rendered more dear by their separation from the rest of their kindred, still to be parted from each other, and thus prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery, with the samll comfort of being together, and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African, 1814 ed. as reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives p. 38. Read all of Chapter 2 of Equiano’s Autobiography online courtesy of Africans in America (WGBH/PBS Online): http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h320t. html â€Å"The Abuse of Slaves in the West Indies† Read Ch. 5 excerpt from â€Å"Olaudah Equiano: The Life of Gustavus Vassa† courtesy of World Civilizations (Washington State Univ. , 1996, 1999): http://www. wsu. edu:8000/~dee/Equiano. html More selections, also available on the Washington State Univ. web, courtesy of Reading About the World, Vol. 2; ed. Paul Brians and others, Harcourt Brace Custom Books: http://www. wsu. edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/equiano. html â€Å"Equiano Gains his Freedom† Read Ch. 7 excerpt, courtesy of Brycchan Carey: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract4. htm â€Å". . . Equiano’s account of his own manumission in 1766. Equiano’s owner, the Philadelphia Quaker Robert King, had in 1765 promised Equiano that he could buy back his own freedom if he ever raised the sum of forty pounds, the price King had himself paid for Equiano. King, who conducted much of his business from the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean Leeward Islands, put Equiano to work on one of his ships. Fortunately for Equiano, this meant that he could earn the money by petty trading, an activity in which he received some encouragement from the ship’s ‘friendly captain’; Thomas Farmer† (Carey). â€Å"The Case Against the Slave Trade† Read Ch. 12 excerpt, courtesy of Brycchan Carey: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract5. htm â€Å". . . Equiano’s arguments against the slave trade, in particular, his argument that the trade did not make sound economic sense† (Carey). A 1789 REVIEW of Equiano’s Narrative From the beginning, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. Written by Himself was a bestseller, in such demand that it experienced some fifteen editions, and attracted reviews in the leading journals of the time. One favorable 1789 review that appeared in London’s The Monthly Review is reprinted here: â€Å"A Review of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. † The Monthly Review [London] Vol. LXXX, 1789, p. 55152. Gale Literature Resource Center [Online Subscription Database]. The Gale Group, 2004. Central Oregon Community College Library, Bend, OR. 17 August 2004. [NOTE: Gale Literature Resource Center subscription database articles are available online to COCC students!! ] Among aspects of the above 1789 review to notice, is the fact that the anonymous reviewer addresses the question of the â€Å"authenticity† of Equiano’s â€Å"very intelligent† Narrative, suggesting â€Å"that some English writer† may have assisted Equiano in the â€Å"compilement, or, at least, the correction of his book: for it is sufficiently well written. † SIGNIFICANCE OF EQUIANO’S SLAVE NARRATIVE â€Å"The slave narrative is a polemical genre; it makes no bones about it. † –Anthony Appiah, quoted in Ferguson (249). Brycchan Carey outlines the political goals of Equiano’s slave narrative in â€Å"Olaudah Equiano: A Critical Biography†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/biog. htm According to Carey, to show that a black African had abilities equal to a white European is one implicit political goal encompassed by Equiano’s statement early in his autobiography: â€Å"‘If it affords any satisfaction to my numerous friends, at whose request it has been written, or in the smallest degree promotes the interest of humanity, the ends for which it was undertaken will be fully attained, and every wish of my heart gratified. ‘ When Equiano refers to ‘humanity’ he seems to have several things in mind. Firstly he of course means that slavery is inhumane in that it is a cruel business resulting in a great deal of human misery. He is calling for its abolition. But as well as the overt anti-slavery agenda there is a more subtle anti-racist project going on to dispel some of the racist myths current in eighteenth-century England. Amongst these was an increasingly widespread myth that Africans were either not fully human or were of a less developed branch of humanity. Part of Equiano’s project is to dispel this myth entirely by showing the world that he, in common with all human beings, is quite capable of writing a fine book describing a life which would be considered extraordinary and full of talent and seized opportu.