Ku Klux Klans Effect on America Essay Example for Free

Ku Klux Klans Effect on America EssayThe first Klan had first started around the year of 1860s. The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan go about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada.The name of the Ku Klux Klan is derived from the Grrek word kyklos, meaning circle (Wikimedia Foundation). Klan was added for the purpose of beginning rhyme (Ku Klux Klan). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with strobile shaped hats that covered their faces. These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrify ing, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith).The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didnt stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South.Thi s may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the measure of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, monetary resource acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. This income made the Klans many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and man events and protests.They also did community service projects such as adopt a highway programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their forefinger to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in rob es symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (Ku Klux Klan).These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the sign founding until around 1870, when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations (Ku Klux Klan). At this time, blacks were the only targets of the KKK, for the most part.

Self-Esteem Self-Concept Essay Example for Free

Self-Esteem Self-Concept EssayTwo psychological terms that are very commonly used interchangeably are self-concept and self-esteem, but in fact, there is a difference between the meanings of the terms. A persons self-concept is his knowledge rough himself. Similar to how he can know other people, and known facts about how they tend to bring forward, and what they enjoy doing, and what their temperament is like, he can also know these things about himself. Some people have much stronger self-concepts than others, probably because possessing a self-concept in much detail requires reflection on ones own self and behavior. Self-esteem, rather than being something that you know about yourself, is your general attitude toward yourself.It is mostly measured on a scale from positive to negative, and your self-esteem is typically based on whether you think you are successful, a good person, smart, and so on. It can vary depending on the situation and what has been going on lately, an d any feedback you have gotten recently from your environment and people around you. The key difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that the addition of feelings. Self-concept is apparently the informational side of things, where you know facts about what you are like. Self-esteem is how you feel about those things you know, like whether you enjoy the fact that you are talkative at parties (high self-esteem) or you think that you are annoying and need to learn to shut up sometimes (low self-esteem).There are a variety of self-esteem effects that can cut from the self-concept. Self-concept and self-esteem also have a lot in common though, mostly that they are reflective processes. They can be influenced not only by observing ones own self and behavior objectively, but also by observing the reactions that other people have to you and your behavior, or imagining what other people power think of you, or what you would think of yourself if you saw yourself from outside. In addition, self-concept and self-esteem can be developed through comparing oneself to those around you, and that is a big rationalness that self-esteem is raised or lowered.When you substantiate that you are better at something than somebody else, then you will probably have higher self-esteem because you see and understand your own value. What Can Hurt Self-Concept and Self-Esteem? Of course, having people inaccurately say bad things about you and your character, or make comparisons between you and people who are better than you at objective measures can both hurt self-esteem. Perhaps more interestingly, receiving rewards for doing actionscan actually change your self-concept. If there is something that you enjoy doing as a hobby, and then you get a full-time job doing that activity, you are likely to not enjoy it as a hobby as much or see it as an integral part of yourself, but rather you will view yourself as somebody who does that professionally, but not for fun.

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA

Extraction and Deter instantation of Met and MHADetermination of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in the Forms of Free or Metal Chelates Contained in Feed Formulations by RP-HPLCM. Salahinejad,* F .AflakiAbstractMethionine is often the first or second limiting amino sexually transmitted disease in most diets and so is most representative of amino sharps fed as nutritional supplements. It commonly supplemented as DL-methionine or as methionine hydroxy analogue. A simple and rapid method for simultaneous extraction and determination of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in forms of exempt or in forms of metal- chelates contained in lean examines is draw. The sample extraction procedure was performed using HCl solution and heating in an sterilize or oven, which followed by the addition of EDTA and acetonitrile. Quantification and detection were carried out by reversed descriptor high performance liquid chromatography on a NovaPak C18 pillar with ultraviole t detection at 214 nm. With a expeditious phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% sodiumdihydrogenphosphate in water, the chromatographical run judgment of conviction were 6 min. The detection limit for DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were 2.33 and 5.46 g mL1 andMAMwith the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10 g mL1, n = 5) respectively. The recoveries of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in diet samples were 97%.Keywords Methionine hydroxy analogue, DL-methionine, Metal-chelates, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)IntroductionFor optimum health and performance, the animals diets must contain adequate quantities of all nutrients needed, including amino acid. The essential amino acid furthest below the level needed to build protein is cognise as limiting amino acid. The shortage of limiting amino acid will constrain animal growth, reduce race efficiency and in constitutional cases ca design a nutri tional deficiency 1.Methionine and lysine considered the most limiting amino acids in most animal diets. Supplementation of methionine may be accomplished by the addition of DL-methionine or the hydroxyl analogue of methionine (DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid) 2. Fig. 1 represents the structures of DL-methionine (Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA).Organic forms like metal chelates of transition metal ions in particular coat (II), Copper (II) and Manganese (II) with amino acids and peptides atomic number 18 widely used in animal feeding as they appear to induce as faster growth and better resistance to divers(a) diseases in comparison with the simple inorganic salts 3. It has been suggested that these effects are correlated with the improved metal bio-availability. The chelates are absorbed in the small intestine, possibly using transporters for amino acids small peptides 4. M either forms of metal knottyes with amino acid chelates and hydrolyzed proteins are comme rcially available, as metal amino acid chelates and complexed chelated (metal) proteinates (CCP) respectively 5-7. The methionine hydroxyl analogue largely used in animal nutrition as a source of methionine, forms stable chelates with divalent metals of grammatical construction CH3SCH2CH2CHOHCOO2 M.nH2O 8.Several methods have been used for DL-methionine determination including ion exchange chromatography in combination with pre or post column derivatization 9 and amino acid analyzer 10. These methods are not applicable to the determination of methionine hydroxy analogue because it contains -hydroxy instead of -amino group (Fig.1). Gas chromatography 10 electrophoresis 11 and high performance chromatography 12-14 were used for determination of MHA.(a) (b)Fig.1. Structures of (a) DL-methionine and (b) methionine hydroxy analogue.The use of so-called variant recipes in the production of industrial feeds causes that in practice the analyst encounters a diametriciated and unknown compo sition of the so-called matrix, i.e. the elements of a feed mixture that in m each cases made it hard to isolate and at times even make it impossible to mark MHA in the environment of a feed mixture 15. Moreover the accurate determination of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue contained in the metallic chelates of feeds depended on complete releasing of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue from metals. The inclination of the paper was to develop and evaluate the method of simultaneous determination of MHA and Met in forms of resign or in forms of chelates in compound feed samples.Material and Methods implementChromatographic determination were performed on a Waters Liquid Chromatograph which consisted of Waters 1525 Binary HPLC pump, Waters 2487 Dual absorbance detector, Breeze data processing system and C18 NovaPack column. An adaptable rocker shaker (Cole- Parmer 60Hz) and a feed grinder to facilitate sample preparation were used.Reagents and standardsThe stock s tandard solution of Met and MHA was prepared weekly using DL- Methionine (extra pure, Merck) and Alimet (commercial discern of the hydroxy-analogue of methionine containing 89.7% MHA in 0.1 N HCl respectively. All working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock standards as unavoidable. Deionized distilled water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, USA) was used for standard dilutions and other necessary preparations.All other chemicals such as NaH2PO4, extra pure acetonitril, isocratic grade EDTA (disodium salt) 99%, HCl 37%, orthophosphoric acid 85% and sodium hydroxyl, analytical reagent grade, were supplied by Merck. seek preparationAliquots of finely ground samples (mean particle size of 600 m) containing 0.1 gr methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) or 0.1 gr DL-methionine (Met) in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates were added in 20 ml of 0.1 N HCl solution and heated in autoclave in steam flow in 120 oC for 5 min or in oven with 90 oC for 20 min. A fter cooling, by adding 20 ml of EDTA solution (10% W/V) and 5 ml of acetonitrile, the samples were shacked for 10 min and then solutions were filtered using 0.45 m filter. Volume is modify to 100 ml with distilled water and a proportion of solution injected onto the HPLC column.Fig.2. Chromatogram of the extracted Met and MHA from feed.Chromatographic conditionsSeparation and quantitation of MHA and Met have been performed with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The column was NovaPak C18 (150 4.6 mm, 5 m) in ambient temperature. Samples were injected in volumes ranging from 5 to 20 l using Rehodyne injector. The solvent system for separation of Met and MHA consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% NaH2PO4 in water. Using this isocratic mobile phase the chromatographic run time was 6 min. After this, a washing step was programmed to 40% acetonitrile in mobile phase so that any residual sample components would be cleaned from the column. The washing step was 5 min and column conditioned by primary mobile phase for 4 min prior the next injection. The flow rate, UV wavelength and detector attenuation used was respectively 1 ml min-1, 214 nm and 0.2 a.u.f.s. The amounts of MHA and Met contained in the samples were determined by interpolating the revalue of the tiptop area of calibration curves obtained by injecting 5, 10, 15, 20 l of mixed standard solution containing 200 mgr L-1 Met and 400 mgr L-1 MHA. The bulk standard was prepared weekly. Fig.2 shows a chromatogram which obtained by injection of the extracted sample solution.Statistical outlineIn order to verify differences of effecting factors on extraction efficiency, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied with the level of moment set at 0.05. The SPSS statistical program (SPSS Inc, Illinois, USA) was used to perform all statistical calculations.ResultsStudy of effective factors on extraction efficiency of Met and MHAThe effect of various parameters such as temperature, heatin g time, the presence or absence seizure of hydrochloric acid (variation of pH) and EDTA (as a strong ligand) in the convalescence of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates were investigated. dining table 1 shows the mean convalescence of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates from compounded feed at 90 oC for 20 min in 0.1 N HCl and distilled water. convalescence tests were performed by adding known amounts of different forms of Met and MHA to a compounded feed which its basic elements was maize, wheat bran, soybean ground grain, fish meal, plant oil, calcium phosphate, mineral vitamin premix. The recovery of free Met and MHA from compounded feed by distilled water was 96%, while the recovery of Met and MHA from metal-chelate was 95%.Table 1 Mean recovery of the Met and MHA from compounded feed with distilled water and 0.1 N HCl solutions at 90 oC for 20 min.a n = 4Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) were examined to rating of the effects of temperature and heating time in the simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in both forms. Based on extraction efficiency of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates, three conditions including Autoclave (T 120 oC, t 5 min), Oven (T 90 oC, t 20 min) and Room temperature (t 3 hours) were chosen.The effect of strong ligand such as EDTA on extraction of Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate was investigated. Table 2 represents the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate in different heating condition (different temperature and time) in the presence or absence of EDTA as a strong ligand. The results illustrated in Table 2 reveal that the extraction of the MHA from MHA metal-chelates in feed was about 94% with heating by autoclave in 120 oC for 5 min or oven at 90 oC for 20 min. By adding the EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA from MHA metal-chelates become 97%. The recovery of the Met was 96% eve n in ambient temperature and ETDA do not show a considerable effect on the Met recovery from the feed.Table 2 Mean recovery of Met and MHA (0.1 N HCl solution) in three different conditions Autoclave (T 120 oC, t 5 min), Oven (T 90 oC, t 20 min), Room temperature (T 27 oC, t 3 hours)Analytical performance of the methodQuality variables including the limit of detection (LOD) and precision, as the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), were investigated to evaluate the analytical performance of the proposed method. According to the IUPAC realisation 16 the limit of detection (LOD, 3) of the proposed method was 2.33 and 5.46 g mL1 for Met and MHA respectively. MAMwith The R.S.D. was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10 g mL1, n = 5) for Met and MHA respectively. Good linear relationships exist for peak area counts versus the amount of Met and MHA (Fig. 3). The regression equation for calibration curves for Met was Y = 209551x + 296453 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9983 and for MHA was Y = 1 82603x + 294054with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9995 where Y is the peak area counts and x is the immersion (ppm) of analyte.Table 3 Recovery of Met or MHA from pure metal chelates complex.a n = 4Fig.3. Calibration curves for MHA and Met analysis.Method evaluationFor evaluation of the described method, the recovery of Met or MHA from pure Met or MHA metal-chelates were determined (Table 3). The results show good symmetricalness between the results of the mentioned method and the value which declared by the producers. The precision was determined by calculating the relative standard deviation of four analyses for each condition.The method also was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. As shown in Table 4, the obtained results prove a good agreement of the mean content of Met or MHA in mixtures with the declaration.Table 4 Simultaneous determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed.Ta ble 5 Content of Met or MHA in the analyzed industrial feed mixtures (g/Kg).a n = 4In order to evaluate the effect of typical sample matrix, numerous industrial feed samples, which their Met or MHA content declared by the producer, originating from Iran, Germany, Italy and France was qualitatively examined. The results (Table 5) show a good agreement between the obtained mean content with the declaration of free or metal-chelate form of Met or MHA in industrial feed mixtures.Basing on the above results, the usefulness of the described method for determination of the Met and MHA in form of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed mixtures can be stated.DiscussionThe solubility of DL-methionine in aqueous solutions increases 5-fold (176.0 Vs 33.8 g L-1) when temperature is increased from 25 to 100 oC 17,18. Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) was examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in simultaneous extrac tion of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms. The temperature and the time of extraction have inverse effects on extraction efficiency of both analyts. When temperature increases, the time required for maximum extraction of both analyts decrease and vise versa. By performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student t-test between different conditions (different temperature and time) the three conditions autoclave 120 oC for 5 min, oven 90 oC for 20 min and room temperature for 3 hours had no significant differences ( p 0.05) in extraction efficiency of Met and MHA in free forms (as shown in Table 2). But extraction in room temperature significantly had lower recovery in metal-chelate form of Met and MHA. Therefore, for simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms, the 90 oC for 20 min was chosen.pH can play a unique role on metalchelate formation or releasing of metal from metal-chelates 19. Experiments have shown DL- methionine extraction recoveries obtained with hydrochloric acid and with distilled water at ambient temperature are not statistically different 20. Therefore the extraction of Met and MHA in free forms could be done with distilled water at 90 oC for 20 min. The application of this procedure to be unsuitable for extraction of Met and MHA contained in metallic chelates. As shown in Table 1, the extraction recovery of Met and MHA in metal-chelate forms with distilled water is significantly lower (p EDTA is a stronger ligand than MHA therefore it can form more stable complex with metals and it must affect on recovery of MHA. Therefore by adding EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA ( 97%) from MHA metal-chelates were significantly higher, but this has no significant effect on Met extraction recovery.ConclusionA simple, rapid and reliable method for simultaneous extraction and determination of Met and MHA in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed samples has been developed. This method can be us ed for analysis of free methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue as well as their metal-chelate form, from industrial feed samples without any variation. It involves a simple procedure sample preparation using 0.1 N HCl solutions and heating in autoclave or oven, which followed by addition of EDTA and acetonitrile, and quantitation by an isocratic HPLC analysis on a C18 column.References1 M. Korhonen, A.Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, J.Driry.Sci., 85 (2002) 1533.2 D.Hoehler, M. Rademacher, R. Mosenthin, Advances in pork production, 16 (2005) 109.4 T. L. Stanton, D. Schutz, C. Swenson, Prof. Anim. Sci. 7 (2001) 101.3 H.D. Ashmead, S.D. Ashmead, R.A. Samford, Intern.J.Appl.Res.Vet.Med.,2 (2004) 252.5 C. E. Nockels, J. DeBonis, J. Torrent, J. Anim. Sci., 71 (1993 )2539.6 H. T. Ballantine, , M. T. Socha, D. J. Tomlinson, A. B. Johnson, A. S. Fielding, J. K. Shearer, S. R.Amstel, Prof. Anim. Sci., 18 (2002) 211.77 B.L. Creech, J.W.Spears, W.L. Flowers, G.M. Hill, K.E. Lioyd, T.A. Armestrong, T .E. Engle, J.Anim.Sci., 82 (2004) 2140.8 S. Ferruzza., G. Leonardi., E.Cinti., M.Tegoni., J. Inorg. Biochem., 95 (2003) 221.9 W. Baeyens, J. Bruggeman, C. Dewaele, B. Lin, K. Imai., 5 (2005) 13.10 C. Aoyama , T. Santa *, M. Tsunoda , T. Fukushima, C. Kitada , Ka. Imai., Bio.Med.Chromatogr., 18 ( ) 630.11 A.P. Solomonova, J.S. Kamentsev, N.V. Komarova, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt Technol Biomed bearing Sci, 800 (2004) 135.12 A. Baudicheau ,J. Sci. Food Agric., 38 (1987) 1. 13 D. Wauters., J. De mol, L. Temmerman., J. Chromatogr. A,516 (1990) 375. 14 D. Balschukat, E. Kress, E. Tanner., Landwirtsch. Forsch., 41 (1988) 120.15 S. Maytyka, J. Rubaj, W. Korol, G. Bielecka, 9 (2006) 1.16 G. L. Long, J.D. Winefordner, Anal. Chem. 55, (1983) 713A-724A.17 R.C. Weast (Editor), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 69th ed. (1988).18 Merk Index, Merck, Rahway, NJ, 10th ed. (1983).19 T.E. Brown, L.K. Zeringue, J. Dairy Sci. 77, (1994)181187.20 L. Yang, R.E. Sturgeon, S. McSheehy, Z. Mester, J. Chromatogr. A 1055, (2004) 177-184.

Medea Euripides Analysis

Medea Euripides AnalysisSo long as the immense passion of the tragic heroine of the play is considered, Euripidess Medea is a work of pathetic tragedy from Aristotles point of view. It opens up with a major conflict between the heroine and her husband the anger of a woman hero for her false husband.Throughout the play, we take up the culmination of anger and hatred rising to a point where everything dissolves and an anticlimactic end is attained through the accumulation of revenge in Medea. This is actu bothy a shortcoming for a piece of tragedy because it does not reach to the highest possible quality and complexity from a plat as Aristotle would circumstance it. The most important integral aspect in tragedy is its plot, the imitation of action. Because of the faulty treatment of the subject in hand, Euripides fails to achieve a complex plot in Medea. When Aristotle plunges into the comp matchlessnts of a plot that make it complex, he cites three necessary elements successively reversal of intention, cognition, and catastrophe. Accordingly, both reversal of intention and recognition must go handin hand in a cause-and-effect chain that in the long run in turn creates the catastrophe in the play for the take up effect. However in Medea, we send packing observe no real reversal of intention as Medea is well determined to take revenge from Jason in some way or the opposite right from the very start. Although there is an event where Medea directs her anger over her own barbarianren, this occurs in such an unexpected manner that it is difficult to consider it as a reversal of intention because there is no reasonable explanation or recognition for it to come afterwards. This unquestionably resultants in Medea lacking a recognition as there is no reversal of intention that precedes it. Medea already knows about the marriage of Jason to Creons daughter, and there is no other slight recognition that can be said to change the fortune of the tragic heroine. One could say that Aegeuss assurance of security in Athens for Medea is a discovery that allowed Medea to further proceed with her plans, just this is somewhat questionable as we can clearly see that she is determined to execute her planned scenario whether or not Aegeuss sudden appearance was included. The further affect event that we can find remarkable is when Medea slays her own children. This action is the one and only tragic incident that Aristotle would see as tragic. If this one and only tragic element did not exist, we could hardly say that Euripidess Medea was a tragedy even with a simple plot. But again, a surprising event can be favored only when it has relevance and a cause-and-effect relationship with the plot. That is however not exactly the case for Medeas decision to kill her children. Nevertheless, the intended action is executed in the end by the heroin, an act that is better than intending and not doing. When Aristotle comes to the skill of a tragedian to create a perfect unified play, he emphasizes the importance of firstly the complication, and secondly, the unraveling of the plot. To him, the best tragedian is one who can succeed in making these two parts equally well. But as long as in Medea there is no reversal of intention and recognition except for a simple catastrophe, the unraveling lacks the magnitude of the complication where Medea strategically makes plans, prepares for revenge, and tries to survive the pain.Moreover, the denouement of the play by a Deus ex Machina, a God interfering and allowing Medea to escape with a chariot, is very irrational for Aristotle as it does not arise out of the plot naturally. The Deus ex Machina used in Medea can be seen as faulty from another point which attributes to Aristotles moral understanding. Medeas escape or somewhat survival is morally not acceptable as she commits a cruel deed in killing her own children. We know that she is a descendent of a god and is the daughter of a king. But other than such circumstances she is in, she is in fact no better than us. Her tragic flaws such as extreme passion and anger all surpass existence small frailties but they are rather vices. Though we see Medeas feelings of suffering through the visible evils of Jason, it is not easy for the audience to sympathize with a child murderess. Additionally, the past life of Medea is also full of blood and sin which are reminded to us from time to time either by the Chorus and even Medea herself. This ultimately results in the significant problem of Medea as a tragedy, as it fails in invoking catharsis towards the audience as little emotions of pathos or fear can be aroused by the downfall of an utter villain.In Medea there is only one major plot which gives it a credit as a tragedy in Aristotelian terms. The struggle between a dishonest male and a sorceress female is the one and only simple basis of this plot. We dont see the level of complexity and perfection that Aristotle would seek, but our heed is not lost as Euripides does succeed us to be focused on the passionate angers and emotions of Medea throughout the whole play. Thus, the effect of tragedy is to a somewhat certain extent achieved in Medea but still fails in the main and most important function the emotional cleansing that the audience is supposed to feel towards Medea.Statement of IntentEuripidess Medea revolves around the central passion of revenge towards her adversaries by the main protagonist, Medea as a result of her husband, Jasons betrayal towards her by an engagement to the daughter of Creon, King of Corinth.I decided to write a critical review of Medea through an Aristotelian billet as to how Aristotle would criticize it if he had the chance. As Medea was different to the Aristotelian tragedies of the time, I expected that the Athenian audience would have responded in confusion and disfavor. I took Aristotles whole kit of the Poetics as a backbone to my criticism.I tried to make the review cr itical in the sense that it not just only explains as to how the elements in Medea differ from Aristotles theory of tragedy, but attempts in exploring as to what effects were lost and why it mattered. In the early stages of my review, I criticize how Euripidess failure in creating a complex plot of one that Aristotle would expect results in how Medeas character is portrayed in a very limited and monotone manner in which her draw is seemingly doomed to lead to the final catastrophe from the very start. By breaking up the structure and examining its lack of Aristotelian concepts of tragedy in Medea, it allows one to lead to the discovery that the common understanding of Medea as a tragedy is actually an oversimplification and that one could even come to the conclusion that it barely qualifies to be even a tragedy by Aristotelian understanding. The criticisms towards the structural component of plot in Medea link into the characteristic flaws of Medea through my criticisms towards Eur ipidess use of the Deus ex Machina to break down the plot in the final moments of the play. This sudden denouement in the play would strongly matter to Aristotle as its irrational manner would lack a angiotensin converting enzyme where the action of each event leads inevitably to the next in a structurally self-contained manner that is connected by internal necessity, not by external interventions such as the one used by Euripides. Moreover, the Deus ex Machina has the strongest effect on the audience in which it ultimately fails to invoke the tragic emotions of pity and sympathy in the form of a catharsis towards the protagonist despite Euripidess attempts at doing so through the easily visible exposures of Jasons atrocities. This failure is not only just simply due to the immoral nature in which Medea kills her children, but from the fact that her life is full of atrocities which she does not seem to feel guilty as she confesses in her quarrel with Jason, I lit the way for your escape I betrayed my father and my home I killed King PeliasAll this I did for you. And you, foulest of men, have betrayed me. (P33, Lines 460-468)Despite all the criticism that I have given to Euripides in my review, I do give credit to Euripides as to how he still manages to grasp hold of the audiences attention and involvement in the play.Nevertheless however, I still conclude with the Aristotelian perspective that the play still lacks the magnitude and perfection that Aristotle would have expected, which ultimately result in my greatest criticism that Euripides fails in creating the effect of convincement towards his audience to sympathize with Medeas emotions through catharsis.

Analysis Of Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Psychological self-assertion Philosophy EssayPsychological self-consciousness is the empirical doctrine that the determining antecedent of every voluntary presention is a desire for ones proclaim welf ar. On this linear perspective, even though all executions are regarded as self-inte relievered wreakions, the egotist readily points turn out that pot usually try to conceal the determining motives for their put throughs because such concealment is usually in their self-interest.Psychological self-esteem is a scheme closely penury that claims that all of our ultimate desires are self-directed. Whenever we want a nonher(prenominal)s to do well (or ill), we flummox these other-directed desires only instrumentally we care more or less others only because we think that the welfare of others will have ramifications for our own welfare. As soild, self-centeredness is a descriptive, not a normative, claim. It aims to characterize what motivates pitying bein gs in fact the theory does not say whether it is good or bad that people are so motivated. honest vanity purports to tell us how to live. As such, it is a consequentiality theory that is, it maintains that the rightness or molestness of acts depends on their consequences. More specifically, it says that right actions push self-interests and wrong actions detract from self-interest.Besides, ethical egoism claims that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be lessonly right that it maximize ones self-interest. It makes claims about what one ought to do, rather than describe what one does do.One of the problems with this jell is that it might not be in ones self-interest to have everyone act from the perspective of self-interest. This defer of nature would not be desirable (in Hobbes price, carriage would be beastly, brutal, and short) and so it might ultimately be in ones self-interest to enter into a condense with others that would place restraints upon self-inter ested actions.Teleological TheoryTheteleological theoryof ethics has broad appeal to many because it explains the rightness or virtue of action in terms of the good realized by it.The word teleology is derived from the Greek word telos that means ends. In this theory, you would consider the ends, or the outcomes of your decision. Teleology was explored by Plato and Aristotle, by Saint Anselm around pace A.D., and later by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Judgement. It was fundamental to the speculative philosophy of Hegel.Since this theory is invadeed about the consequences of the decision, it is also referred to as consequentialist. For example, a moral theory that maintains that the rightness of an action is one which achieves the goal of maximizing happiness counts as a teleological theory.The two main types of theory brought under the rubric of teleological ethics are Utilitarianism and Ethical self-esteem.Utilitarianism is clearly the most widely accepted teleological theory .Some however, have accepted another teleological view estimable egoism. Thus, in what follows we state and evaluate good egoism and different form of utilitarianism, in that order.Utilitarianism is a moral theory according to which welfare is the fundamental humankind good. Welfare whitethorn be understood as referring to the happiness or well being of undividedistics. Utilitarianism is most commonly a theory about the rightness of actions it is the doctrine that, from a range of possibilities, the right action is the action which most increases the welfare of human beings or sentient creatures in general. Of the many moral theories now called Utilitarian, all soula this claim that morality ought to be concerned with increasing welfare.The sense of utilitarianism can be started in this way the rightness or wrongness of an act or moral rule is solely a matter of the nonmoral good produced directly or indirectly in the consequences of that act of rule.Utilitarianism has its hi storical origins in seventeenth degree centigrade Britain although its central ideas whitethorn be traced back to Plato and ancient Greek discussions of eudaimonia. The most important developers and proponents of utilitarianism are Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) He first attained attention as a critic of the leading legal theorist in eighteenth century England, Sir William Blackstone. Benthams campaign for social and political reforms in all areas, most notably the sinful law, had its theoretical basis in his utilitarianism, expounded in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, a work written in 1780 but not published until 1789. In it he formulated the principle of utility, which approves of an action in so far as an action has an overall tendency to sanction the greatest amount of happiness.In its historical context, utilitarianism aspired to be a movement of social reform. It was closely tied to its political aspirations, promoted a new conception of moralit y which eschewed references to God and religion, and took morality to be essentially an attempt to bring about as much happiness of pleasure, to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number.Utilitarianism is divided into two branches which are Act Utilitarianism and ruler Utilitarianism. The type of utilitarianism outlined to date is termed act utilitarianism. Every single act is judged by its individual consequences and decisions on morality r all(prenominal)ed. Act utilitarianism is entirely situational and consequences in terms of happiness cannot be applied across situations.Rule utilitarianism removes this tension. The maximising happiness principle is applied not to an individual situation, but rather to that set of dower in general and the moral rule is then created. For example it is generally the case that murdering innocents does not maximise happiness for the majority therefore it is immoral on all occasions. Whilst this pisss around certain unpalatability with u tilitarianism, it does remove the true consequential nature of the system. Judgment on general consequences is not the same as sagacity the consequences of a specific circumstance.The other main branch of Teleology theory is Egoism. In philosophy, egoism is the theory that ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of ones own action. Egoism has two variants, descriptive or normative. The descriptive (or positive) variant conceives egoism as afactualdescription of human affairs. That is, people are motivated by their own interests and desires, and they cannot be described otherwise. The normative variant proposes that people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently motivates their behaviour. Altruism is the opposite of egoism. The term egoism derives from ego, the Latin term for I in English. Egoism should be distinguished fromegotism, which means a mental overvaluation of ones own importance, or of ones own activities.The most arguable form of ethical eg oism, embraced by such philosophers as Ayn Rand and John Hospers, is called universal or im mortalal rule egoism each person has a moral rule that will be in the agents maximal self-interested over the long haul. For the ethical egoist, one has a duty to follow correct moral rules. And the factor out that makes a rule a correct one is that, if followed, it will be in the agents own best interest in the long run. Each person ought to advance his/her own self-interested and that is the sole of foundation of morality.Ethical egoism is sometimes confused with various distinct issues. First, there is individual or personal ethical egoism, which says everyone has a duty to act so as to serve my self-interest. Here, everyone is morally obligated to serve the speakers long-term best interests. Second, there is psychological egoism, roughly, the idea that each person can only do an act that the person takes to maximize his or own self-interested. Psychological egoism is a descriptive thesis about motivation to the effect that we can only act on motives that are in our own self-interest. Psychological egoism is sometimes used as get out of an literary argument for ethical egoism, but the two are distinct theses.Psychological egoism is also called the pleasure principle. It is the most famous descriptive position, claims that each person has but one ultimate aim her own welfare. Psychological egoism insist that people are capable of desiring the happiness of other only when they interpreted it to be acting unselfishly and disinterestedly when they take the interests of others to be means to the promotion of their own self-interest. Furthermore, it allows for weakness of will, since in weakness of will cases I am still aiming at my own welfare I am weak in that I do not act as I aim. And it allows for aiming at things other than ones welfare, such as helping others, where these things are a means to ones welfare.On the other hand, Ethical egoism is a normative theory t hat states that our actions ought to be done from the perspective of self-interest. Besides, it also claims that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right that it maximize ones self-interest.In the strong version, it is held that it is always moral to promote ones own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. In the weak version, it is said that although it is always moral to promote ones own good, it is not necessarily never moral to not. That is, there may be conditions in which the avoidance of personal interest may be a moral action.There are trey distinct types of ethical egoism Personal ethical egoism, Individual ethical egoism and Universal ethical egoism.Personal egoists maintain that they are going to act in their own self-interest and that anything else is irrelevant to them. They actually have no interest in telling other people how to act all, and in this sense, their position is but a moral theory at all. () In fact, the only things which t hey concern in life is to further their own self-interest.Second, Individual Ethical Egoism is a belief that cant be consistent unless it applies to just one person. In other words, this belief is not universalizable. The different between personal egoism, which is hardly an ethical theory at all, and Individual ethical egoism is that latter does make a claim about how other people ought to act.Lastly, the Universal Ethical Egoism. Whereas individual ethical egoism think everyone ought to act in their own self-interest, universal ethical egoists think that each individual ought to act in his or her own self-interest. Each person, universal ethical egoists maintain, ought to be out for himself or herself.EgoismThe term egoism is ordinarily used to mean exclusive concern with satisfying ones own desires, getting what one wants. Dictionaries tend to support this. They call egoism, for instance, 1. selfishness selfinterest. 2. conceit (Websters New World Dictionary). The term egotist is often a substitute, although its defined differently, for example, as excessive reference to oneself. The ego is the self. But we should distinguish first between selfishness, selfinterest, and interest of the self. They usually mean, respectively, Concern exclusively and for self-indulgence ones desires, affection based first on what is good for oneself without the exclusion of others, and that which motivates an autonomous person. These will help us appreciate what followsPhilosopher opinions about egoismEvery individual serves his own private interestThe great Saints of history have served their private interest just as the most money grubbing miser has served his interest. The private interest is whatever it is that drives an individual (Friedman, 1976). But whatsoever is the object of any mans Appetite or Desire, that is it which he for his part called equitable and the object of his Hate and Aversion, EvilFor these words of Good and Evilare ever used with relation to the person that used them there being nothing simply and absolutely so nor any honey oil Rule of Good and Evil (Hobbes, 1968 120).CriticismsEgoism is sometimes criticized for attributing too much calculation to spontaneous acts of helping. People who help in emergency situations often newspaper doing so without thinking (Clark and Word 1974). However, it is hard to take such reports literally when the acts involve a precise series of complicated actions that are well-suited to an apparent end. A lifeguard who rescues a struggling swimmer is properly viewed as having a goal and as selecting actions that advance that goal. The fact that she engaged in no grave and self-conscious calculation does not show that no means/end reasoning occurred. In any case, actions that really do occur without the mediation of beliefs and desires advert outside the scope of both egoism and altruism. People jerk their legs when their knees are tapped with hammers, but that refutes neither theory.Classical EgoismA more promising ethical egoism states that each person should live so as to achieve his or her rational selfinterest. (I have called this classical egoism to indicate its thoroughbred in Aristotelianism. It is also captured by the term eudaimonist ethics.) harmonizely, as living beings we need a guide to conduct, principles to be used when we cannot assess the merits of each action from the start. As living beings we share with other animals the value of life. But life occurs in individual (living) things. And human living, unlike that of other animals, cannot be pursued automatically. We must swindle to do it. And the particular life we can pursue and about which we can exercise choices is our own. By understanding who and what we are, we can identify the standards by which our own life can most likely be good properly, made successful, become a happy life.Business Ethics and EgoismEgoism is of concern in the examination of business ethics, both when we use the latter to refer to how people in commercial and business endeavors ought to act, and what kinds of public policy should govern business and sedulousness to whit, capitalism, which arises from a legal system that respects and protects private property rights, and is an economic system that is closely linked to versions of egoism. Adam Smith, the founder of modern economic science, advanced something like a psychological egoist position about human motivation (although arguably Smith was not thoroughgoing in this for example in his Theory of Moral Sentiments he advances a different position).Arguments for Psychological EgoismThere are several(prenominal) arguments which are strongly supporting the psychological egoism which is the empirical doctrine that the determining motive of every voluntary action is a desire for ones own welfare.Firstly, the arguments which favor in psychological egoism argues that people are ego and selfish because people always act as what they desire to. This argum ents state that people always act according to self-interest and every voluntary action are selfish. For example, a shopkeeper who is being honest and returned the changes that left by the customer after purchasing good is defined as an act which is ego and self interested because the shopkeeper knows that being honest will help the business and maintain the good name of the shop. Thus, psychological egoist said that people are acting what they want payable to their desire and also self-interest, therefore, people are ego and selfish.Besides, psychological egoist states that people are ego and selfish because they always act to get the pleasure and satisfactory. This argument indicates that every action of the people is aimed to get a good feel or being satisfied or in simple words, people acted to get the good savour which may be gained after doing this action. For example, one who participates in the bounty of blood do so due to the satisfactory and the good feeling which one m ay gained by donating his own blood. One might feel that he can help the people who need the blood and hence he feels satisfied by the action of donation of his own blood. Hence, this action which are acted to get the pleasure and satisfactory is pointed out by psychological egoist as the statement of people act are always ego.Apart from that, one of the arguments in favor of psychological egoism indicates that people act is ego because they wanted to gain benefits from their action. This argument argues that peoples actions are done to get benefits such as fame, becomes popular, desire by others and so forth. For instance, from the perspective of the argument, a soldier who saved his comrades life acted bravely to get an award or a reward such as a medal. Arguments favor in psychological egoism also states that those who donates money to the poor, beggar or charity acting generous and donates money to the charities because they are enjoying the feedback from their action as they w ill get a good fame, becomes more popular and also being liked by the people due to their generous action.As a conclusion, arguments for psychological egoism states that each of the humans voluntary actions are being acted due to their desire to gain satisfactory, benefits and also because of their self-interest. Thus, these arguments agree the view of psychological egoism which states that people are ego because they are acting for their own good.Arguments against Psychological EgoismMany of the arguments oppose the theory of psychological egoism which states that human acts are selfish because people act according to their own desire. These arguments strongly disagree on the view of psychological egoism due to the consideration of several factors and using counter-evidence.Firstly, the arguments against the psychological egoism states that human has genuine charity and genuine malevolence. This argument argues that human acts may be due to the capable of genuine benevolence and g enuine malevolence which is the kind and the evil that planted in the humans mind or spirit. For example, Mother Teresa who helped a lots of poor, sick, old and also children bring her hand to those needy because of her genuine benevolence, neither because of her own self-interest nor benefits. Hence, the opponents pointed out that the psychological egoism is false because there will be people who act voluntarily upon the genuine benevolence.Besides, opponents of psychological egoism said that self-interest and interest in the welfare of others are not necessarily incompatible. This argument states that people may be acting due to the completely self-interest and welfare of others. For instance, a business man never cheats his clients and customers because he knows that this action is good for businesses. From the point of view of the psychological egoism opponents, the business man does not cheat his clients and customers had take care the welfare of them and the business man did this for the good of his business which is the self-interest. The psychological egoism opponents hence state that people act not only for their self-interest but also may contain the interest in others welfare.Apart from that, the argument against psychological egoism also states that human motives are oversimplified according to the psychological egoism. The opponents of psychological egoism state that one can has many motives when one is doing an action and only one of the motives may be the self-interest or benefits. For example, a father who gave his seat to an old wench on a bus may act so due to multiple reasons. From the perspective of opponents of psychological egoism, he may wanted to be the model to teach his son a lesson on giving a seat or lending a hand to the needy, he may wanted to get the satisfactory or good feeling after helping the old lady, he may also helped the old lady because of compassion and he may thought that it is dangerous for an old lady standing on a moving bus. Among the several reasons that are listed out, there are only one reason states that this father helped the old lady due to his self-interest. Thus, the opponents believe that humans act is not solely due to the egoism but there might be other factors which are taken into the consideration before a human act.As a conclusion, opponents of psychological egoism indicates that human acts are not solely because of self-interest nor benefits but can be causes by other factors such as the genuine benevolence, compatibility of self-interest and others welfare and also multiple of motives. These opponents believe that there will be some human actions which are acted against ego and truly out of a kind heart which is altruism as what have been done by Mother Teresa.Arguments For and Against Ethical EgoismEthical egoism is the prescriptive doctrine that all persons ought to act from their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only ac t in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds merely that it is rational to act in ones self-interest. These doctrines may, though, be combined with ethical egoism. Ethical egoism is divided into three branches which are individual ethical egoism, personal ethical egoism and universal ethical egoism.One of the arguments for ethical egoism is looking out for others are self-defeating. We ought to do what will promote the interests of everyone alike. The interests of everyone will be best promoted if each of us adopts the policy of looking to our own interests exclusively. Therefore, each of us should adopt the policy of looking to our own interests exclusively.The other argument for ethical egoism is the Ann Rands argument. According to Ann Rands argument, we each ought to regard this one life as of supreme importance or ultimate value to us since we each have just one life. Ethical egoism and only ethical egoism allows each individuals life to be of supreme importance or ultimate value to them. Other moral theories all directly or indirectly enjoin altruism. Altruism regards the individual life as something one may be required to sacrifice for the sake of others. So, altruism does not allow each individuals life to be of supreme importance to them. Therefore, we all ought to be Ethical Egoists.The third argument in favour of ethical egoism is egoism can account for ordinary morality. Egoism provides one fundamental principle from which the rest of morality can be derived. However, there is a problem with this argument since other moral theories arguably do an even better job of this.According to Kurt Baiers argument, morality is supposed to help us resolve conflicts of interest. Ethical egoism gives no help in this regard so ethical egoism is not an acceptable morality.The other argument against ethical egoism is the self-contradictory argument. People will often have conflicting duties. For instance, according to ethi cal egoism, it is in As best-interest to slay B so A has a duty to do so and it is in Bs best interest to avoid being killed so B has a duty (by ethical egoism) to prevent it. It is wrong to prevent someones doing their duty. So ethical egoism entails a contradiction, it is not wrong for A to kill B since it is in As best-interest to kill B but it is wrong for A to kill B. B has a duty to avoid being killed and its wrong for A to prevent B from doing Bs duty. Therefore, ethical egoism is false.Other than that, the third argument against ethical egoism which is Rachels argument discuss that we can give up treating people differently only if we can show that there is some factual difference between them that is relevant to justifying the difference in treatment. Ethical egoism says we should treat others and ourselves differently but there is no factual difference between self and others that justifies this difference in treatment so ethical egoism is unacceptably arbitrary. Rachels comments on this argument shed light on why we should care about others interests. For the very same reason we care about our own because they are in all relevant respects like us.

Interpreting The French Revolution Essay -- European History

The year 1789 proved to be a pivotal and historical date of governmental upheavals, radical social movements, and the demolition of the old age monarchy in France. The Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, passage of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, and an unprecedented enchant on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine outlined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on see the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political aim. Conservative, liberal, and revisionist political ideologies have produced multiple perspectives surrounding the events of the French Revolution. The following will sell each ideology through analysis of causes and effects of the French Revolution. The characteristics of the materialistic ideology made the aristocratic and clergy members of French society hostile to the rapidly ever-changing political landscape. On June 17 1789, the Third Estate drafted a establishment and created the National Assembly in response of being locked out of the regular conflux of the Estates Generals (Doyle, 2002). The pressure applied by the National Assembly forced poove Louis XVI to change the voting procedures in the Estates General. Instead of voting by office class the Estates General voted based on each individuals choice. Conservatives regarded this event as anarchy and began a counterrevolutionary movement in order to secure the survival of the monarchy (Os... ... of government and a letter concerning toleration. New seaport and London Yale University Press.Mannheim, Karl. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. London Routledge.McGarr, P. (1998). Socialist review index. Retrieved from http//pubs. socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj80/france.htmMithium, B. (n.d.). 18th century history. Retrieved from http//www.history1700s.com/articles/article1096.shtmlOsen, jam (1995). Royalist Political Thought during the French Revolution. London Greenwood Press.Soman, E. (n.d.). Orthodox and revisionist interpretations of the French revolution. Retrieved from http//ebeysoman.hubpages.com/hub/Interpretations-of-the-French-RevolutionThe socialist party of britain. (2011). Retrieved from http//www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1980s/1989/no-1019-july-1989/1789-frances-bourgeois-revolution Interpreting The French Revolution Essay -- European HistoryThe year 1789 proved to be a pivotal and historical epoch of political upheavals, radical social movements, and the demolition of the old age monarchy in France. The Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, passage of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, and an unprecedented assault on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine defined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on interpreting the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political order. Conservative, liberal, and revisionist political ideologies have produced multiple perspectives surrounding the events of the French Revolution. The following will address each ideology through analysis of causes and effects of the French Revolution. The characteristics of the conservative ideology made the aristocratic and clergy members of French society hostile to the rapidly changing political landscape. On June 17 1789, the Third Estate drafted a constitution and created the National Assembly in response of being locked out of the regular meeting of the Estates Generals (Doyle, 2002). The pressure applied by the National Assembly forced King Louis XVI to change the voting procedures in the Estates General. Instead of voting by status class the Estates General voted based on each individuals choice. Conservatives regarded this event as anarchy and began a counterrevolutionary movement in order to secure the survival of the monarchy (Os... ... of government and a letter concerning toleration. New Haven and London Yale University Press.Mannheim, Karl. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. London Routledge.McGarr, P. (1998). Socialist review index. Retrieved from http//pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj80/france.htmMithium, B. (n.d.). 18th century history. Retrieved from http//www.history1700s.com/articles/article1096.shtmlOsen, James (1995). Royalist Political Thought during the French Revolution. London Greenwood Press.Soman, E. (n.d.). Orthodox and revisionist interpretations of the french revol ution. Retrieved from http//ebeysoman.hubpages.com/hub/Interpretations-of-the-French-RevolutionThe socialist party of britain. (2011). Retrieved from http//www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1980s/1989/no-1019-july-1989/1789-frances-bourgeois-revolution

Rene Descartes Essay -- biography biographies bio

I think, therefore I amRene Descartes was a man obsess with finding subjects out for himself, an intellectual who contributed to the field of psychology. Born in the 16th century, Descartes grew up in a society where ideas, thoughts and perceptions were not questioned but were supposed to be understood and supported. While growing up and through his studies, Descartes began to make strides in the fields of philosophy, mathematics and science. Descartes was a man who challenged accepted ideas and aided the field of psychology through his contributions to reflex theory, helping describe the mind-body problem, and challenging accepted theological ideas. An automaton is a mechanical robot that can be defined as a machine that moves itself. Descartes believed that earthly concern and animals moved and acted in the same fashion of the automatons. A hydraulic system is how Descartes explained movements in humans the brainpower pushed fluid from the brain through the nerves to our body causing humans to move (Bolles 25-30). After his death, scientist did an experiment and came to the conclusion that the hydraulic idea was incorrect. What might seem as a complete failure of an idea actually became one of the beginning ideas of a reflexive theory (Schultz 26). ?This idea of reflex action can also be seen as a precursor of modern-response psychology, in which an external object brings about an involuntary response,? (Schultz 28). This is a key idea to the reflexive theory that Descartes developed, the idea that humans have an involuntary response. During his work he did several illustration and experiments to test the idea that humans cannot control all of their actions. In one such faux pas Descartes described shows how a human eye cannot be co... ...utual relationship between a humans mind and body. Probably the most difficult and revolutionary thing Descartes did, was make it acceptable to criticize and religion. While he did face criticism for this, he opened u p ideas of thought and rationality. An important lesson Descartes taught is that everything in your mind should be in doubt and questions. Descartes is significant because he knew the power of a question. BibliographyBolles, Robert C. The Story of Psychology A Thematic History. Belmont, Calf. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1993.Lowry, Richard. The Evolution of mental Theory. New York, NY. Aldine Publishing Company, 1971.Schultz, Duane. A History of Modern Psychology. San Diego, Calf. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1987.Watson, Robert. The Great Psychologists. Durhan N.H. J.B. Lippincott Company.